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雙語+MP3|美國學生世界歷史67 基督徒的爭吵

所屬教程:希利爾:美國學生文史經典套裝

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2018年11月08日

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67
Christians Quarrel
基督徒的爭吵

     SOME people say young boys and girls can't understand this chapter. They say it is too difficult. But I want to see if it is.
     Up to this time, as I have told you before, in Western Europe had been one Christian religion-the Catholic. There was no Episcopalian, nor Methodist, nor Baptist, nor Presbyterian, nor any other denomination. All were just Christians.
     In the sixteenth century, however, some people began to think that changes should be made in the Catholic religion.
     Others thought changes should not be made.
     Some said it was all right as it was.
     Others said it wasn't all right as it was. So a quarrel started.
     This is the way the trouble began. The pope was building a great church called St. Peter's in Rome. It took the place of the old church that Constantine had built on the spot where St. Peter was supposed to have been crucified head down. The pope wanted it to be the largest and finest church in the world, for Christ had said, "Thou art Peter, and upon this rock [Peter means rock in Latin] I will build my church. ..." So the Church of St. Peter's was to be the Capitol of the Christian religion. Both Michelangelo and Raphael had worked on the plans for the new church. In order to get marble and stone and other materials for this Church of St. Peter, the pope did as others before him had done; he tore down other buildings in Rome and used their stone for the new church.
     Besides all this the pope needed an enormous amount of money to build such a magnificent church as he had planned. So he started to collect from the people. Now, there was a man in Germany named Martin Luther who was a monk and a teacher of religion in a college. Martin Luther thought that not only this but also other things in the Catholic Church were not right. He made a list of ninety-five things that he thought were not right and nailed them up on the church door in the town where he lived, and he preached against doing these things. The pope sent Luther an order to stop, but Luther made a bonfire and burned it publicly. Many took sides with Luther, and before long there was a great body of people who had left the Catholic Church and no longer obeyed the pope.
     The pope called on the king of Spain to help in this quarrel with Luther. The reason he called on him was this: the king of Spain was Charles V, the grandson of the Ferdinand and Isabella who had helped Columbus. He was not only a good Catholic but the most powerful ruler in Europe. The Spanish explorers had claimed large parts of America and so Charles was owner of a large part of the New World. But he was emperor not only of these Spanish settlements in America but of Austria and of Germany as well. It was quite natural that the pope should go to Charles for help.
     Charles commanded Luther to come to a city named Worms to be tried. He promised Luther that no harm would be done him, and so Luther went. When Luther arrived at Worms, Charles ordered him to take back all he had said. Luther refused to do so. Some of Charles's nobles said Luther should be burned at the stake. But Charles, as he had promised, let him go and did not punish him for his belief. Luther's friends were afraid, though, that other Catholics might do him harm. They knew Luther would take no care of himself, and so they themselves took him prisoner and kept him shut up for over a year, so that no one could harm him. While Luther was in prison, he translated the Bible into German; it was the first time that the Bible had been written in that language.

Henry VIII and his second wife Anne Boleyn
亨利八世和他的第二任妻子安妮?博林
     The people who protested against what the pope did were called Protestants, and the new churches that grew from this protest are still called Protestant today. The time when these changes were made in the Catholic form of worship was called Re-form-ation, as the old religion was reformed.
     Now, you may be a Catholic and your best friend may not be a Catholic, but that makes no difference in your friendship. But at that time those who were Catholics were deadly enemies of those who were not, and vice versa. Each side was sure it alone was right and the other side was wrong. Each side fought for the things it thought were right, fought the other side as furiously and madly and bitterly as if the other side were scoundrels and devils. Friends and relatives murdered each other because they thought differently about religion, and yet all were supposed to be Christians.
     Charles was greatly worried and troubled by the religious quarrels and other difficulties in his vast empire. He became sick and tired of being emperor and of having to settle all the many problems he had to solve. He wanted to be free to do other things that he was more interested in. Being king did not mean being able to do whatever you wanted, as some people think. Charles then did what few rulers have ever done voluntarily: He resigned-abdicated, as it is called- and gave up his throne to his son, who was named Philip II.
     Charles, glad to be rid of all the cares of state, went to live in a monastery. There he spent his time doing what he liked-what do you suppose?-making mechanical toys and watches-until he died!
     Now, the king of England at this time, when Charles was king of Spain, was Henry VIII. His last name was Tudor. So many kings had first names which were alike that such names were numbered to tell which Charles or Henry was meant and how many of the same name there had been before. Henry VIII was, at first, also a strong Catholic, and the pope had called him Defender of the Faith. But Henry had a wife whom he wanted to divorce because she had no son. Henry wanted a son to succeed him as king and keep England united. In order to divorce her so that he might marry again, he had to have the agreement of the pope because the pope was the only one who could give Henry a divorce. Now, the pope at Rome was head of the Christian Church in all of Europe and the Americas and said what Christians could do or could not do, no matter whether they were in Italy or Spain or England. Henry asked the pope to grant him this divorce. The pope, however, told him he would not give him a divorce.
     Now, Henry thought it was neither right nor proper that a man in another country-even if he were pope-should say what could be done in England. He himself was ruler, and he didn't intend to let any foreigner meddle in his affairs or give him orders.
     Then Henry said that he himself would be head of all the Christians in England; then he could do as he wished without the pope's permission. So he made himself head, and then he divorced his wife. All the churches in England were now told by the king what they should do; the pope no longer had anything to say in the matter; the English churches obeyed the king, not the pope. This made the second big break in the Catholic Church.
     After this, Henry VIII had five other wives, six in all; not of course all at one time, for Christians could only have one wife at a time. His first wife he divorced, the second he beheaded, the third died. The same thing happened to his last three wives: the first he divorced, the second he beheaded, and the third survived. Henry died before she did.
     Is this too difficult for you to understand?






     有人說孩子們理解不了這一章。他們說這一章內容太難了。但是我想看看到底是不是這樣難。
     我前面已經說過,直到此時,西歐只有一個基督教派--天主教。沒有圣公會,沒有循道宗,沒有浸禮會,沒有長老會,也沒有其他任何教派。所有的人都只是基督徒。
     但是,到了16世紀,有些人開始認為天主教應當變革。
     另一些人認為不應該變革。
     一些人說一切照舊就很好。
     另一些人說還是老樣子是不行的。于是一場爭論開始了。
     麻煩是這樣開始的。教皇要在羅馬建造一座稱為圣彼得的大教堂。它要取代君士坦丁建造的那座老教堂,老教堂所在地據說是圣彼得遇難的地方,當時圣彼得是倒釘十字架的。教皇希望它成為世界上最大最美的教堂,因為耶穌曾經說過:"你是彼得,我要把我的教會建造在這磐石上(彼得在拉丁語中的意思是磐石)......"所以圣彼得大教堂在基督教中的地位就像國會大廈在美國的地位那樣重要。米開朗基羅和拉斐爾都為新教堂做過設計規(guī)劃。為了得到大理石、石頭和建造圣彼得大教堂需要的其他材料,教皇采取了某些前人的做法;他拆掉了羅馬的其他建筑,用取下的石頭來建造新教堂。
     除此之外,教皇還需要一筆巨資來建造他計劃中的那座宏偉華麗的教堂。所以他開始向人們索要錢財。那時,德國有個人叫馬丁?路德,是個修道士,也是一個教宗教課的大學老師。馬丁?路德認為不僅教皇做得不對,而且天主教會在其他方面也做得不對。他列出九十五件他認為有必要糾正的事,并把這張單子釘在他所住的小鎮(zhèn)的教堂大門上,他還竭力勸說人們反對這些事情。教皇給路德下了一道命令讓他別這么做,但是路德生了一堆火,當眾燒掉了命令。許多人支持路德,不久有一大 批人脫離了天主教會,不再服從教皇。
     教皇請求西班牙國王幫助解決他與路德的爭端。他請他幫忙的原因是:西班牙國王是查理五世,也就是幫助過哥倫布的斐迪南國王和伊莎貝拉王后的孫子。他不僅是一個虔誠的天主教徒,還是歐洲最強大的統(tǒng)治者。西班牙探險者已經在美洲的大片土地上宣告了西班牙主權,所以查理是新大陸大片土地的所有者。然而他不僅僅是西班牙在美洲殖民地的皇帝,還是奧地利和德國的皇帝。所以教皇自然想到找查理幫忙了。
     查理命令路德到沃爾姆斯城接受審判。他向路德保證不會傷害他,于是路德就去了。路德到達沃爾姆斯后,查理命令他收回自己所說過的話。路德拒絕這樣做。一些查理的貴族主張路德應該被處以火刑。但是查理信守自己的承諾,放他走了,沒有因他的信仰而懲罰他。不過,路德的朋友擔心其他天主教徒會傷害他。他們知道路德不會保護自己,于是他們自己把他關起來,一關就是一年多,這樣就沒人能傷害他了。在被關押期間路德把圣經譯成了德語,這是圣經第一次有了德語譯本。
     反對教皇所作所為的人被稱為新教徒,從這次抗議中形成的新教會如今依然被稱為"新教"。天主教的禮拜儀式發(fā)生變化的時期被稱為"宗教改革運動",因為舊的宗教被"改革"了。
     如今,也許你是天主教徒,你最好的朋友可能不是天主教徒,但是這不會影響你們的友誼??墒窃谀莻€時期,那些天主教徒是那些非天主教徒的死敵,反過來也一樣。每一方都肯定自己這方是正確的,另一方是錯的。每一方都為了捍衛(wèi)自己的信仰而戰(zhàn),和另一方展開了激烈、瘋狂、兇猛的決斗,仿佛另一方就是惡棍和惡魔。因為宗教信仰的分歧,朋友、親屬也相互殘殺,盡管所有的人都被認為是基督徒。
     查理對這些宗教爭端和自己龐大帝國中的其他麻煩事感到非常焦慮和煩惱。他開始厭煩做皇帝,而面對這么多必須解決的問題也讓他感到厭倦。他希望自由自在地做其他自己更感興趣的事情。做國王并不意味著像有些人想的那樣可以為所欲為。于是查理做了別的國王不愿做的事情:他辭職了--現在叫"退位"--他把王位讓給了自己的兒子,他叫腓力二世。
     查理再也不必為國事操勞了,他滿心歡喜地住進了一家修道院。在那里,他把時間都花在自己喜歡做的事情上--你猜猜是什么?--制造機械玩具和機械手表--直到他去世!
     當查理是西班牙國王時,英國的國王是亨利八世。他的姓是都鐸。許多國王的名字很像,所以這些名字都編了號,這樣就可以知道是哪個查理或亨利,以及之前還有幾個國王也叫過這個名字。最初亨利八世也是堅定的天主教徒,教皇稱他為"信仰捍衛(wèi)者"。但是亨利想和妻子離婚,因為她沒能給他生兒子。亨利想要兒子來繼承自己的王位,維持英國的統(tǒng)一。他要和她離婚,以便再婚,但必須得到教皇的同意,因為教皇是唯一有權批準亨利離婚的人。那時,羅馬教皇是全歐洲和美洲的基督教會的首領,由他來規(guī)定基督徒可以做什么,不可以做什么,無論是意大利、西班牙還是英國的基督徒都要聽從他的旨意。亨利請求教皇允許他離婚,但是,教皇告訴亨利他是不會同意他離婚的。
     這種情況下,亨利認為讓一個別的國家的人--即使他"是"教皇--來規(guī)定在英國該做什么,這既不公平也不適當。他自己就是國王,當然不想讓任何外國人來干預他自己的事或者對他發(fā)號施令。
     隨后亨利八世宣布自己是英國所有基督徒的領袖;這樣他可以做自己想做的事,不需要經過教皇的同意。于是他自立為領袖,然后就和妻子離了婚;英國所有的教會現在應該做什么都要聽從國王的吩咐;教皇對這類事再也沒有發(fā)言權了;英國教會服從的是國王,不再是教皇了。這造成天主教會內部的第二次大分裂。
     從這以后,亨利八世又娶了五個妻子,一共是六個妻子;當然不是同時有六個妻子,因為基督徒一次只能有一個妻子。他和第一個妻子離了婚,把第二個妻子砍了頭,第三個妻子病死了;后面三位和前三位的情況一樣:第四個妻子也是離婚了,第五個被他砍了頭,第六個死在亨利八世后面,也是病死的。
     你覺得這個故事很難懂嗎?


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