第12章 非謂語動詞 12.3 現(xiàn)在分詞的用法
12.3 現(xiàn)在分詞的用法
12.3.1 現(xiàn)在分詞概說
動詞的-ing形式，除了作動名詞外，還可以起其他作用，稱為現(xiàn)在分詞，它在句中可用來：
1) 構成謂語（主要是構成各種進行時態(tài)）：
They are doing some pattern practice. 他們在做句型練習。
She is seeing a friend off. 她在給一個朋友送行。
I'll be waiting for you at the entrance. 我將在大門口等你。
They have been designing a new jet plane. 他們一直在設計一種新型噴氣機。
2) 構成不定式的進行形式：
He seems to be worrying about something. 他似乎在為什么事發(fā)愁。
Walter happened to be working in the next room. 沃爾特碰巧在隔壁屋里干活。
They're said to be making an important experiment. 據(jù)說他們在進行一項重要試驗。
I don't want you to be wasting your time like this. 我不希望你這樣浪費時間。
3) 作表語：
The situation is quite encouraging. 形勢很令人鼓舞。
4) 作定語：
He found her a charming girl. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)她是位迷人的姑娘。
5) 構成復合賓語：
I watched the children flying kites. 我看孩子們放風箏。
6) 作狀語：
We spent all day looking for you. 我們花了一整天找你。
作為動詞，它也可有自己的賓語（a）或狀語（b），以構成現(xiàn)在分詞短語：
a. He stood there for two hours watching the game. 他在那里站了兩個鐘頭看比賽。
b. I saw her speaking to a neighbour. 我看見她和一位鄰居講話。
間或還可跟表語：
Feeling tired, I went to bed. 我感到很累就睡覺了。
現(xiàn)在分詞可有下面這些形式：
12.3.2 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語
1) 現(xiàn)在分詞?？捎米鞅碚Z，特別是那些表示情緒的詞：
The dirty street is disgusting. 那條骯臟的街道令人厭惡。
It's amazing that you should know that! 你竟然連這都知道，真令人驚奇！
The report is most alarming. 這份報告很令人驚恐。
He was very amusing. 他很有趣。
This interruption is very annoying. 這樣的打斷很讓人惱火。
It's astonishing to me that he should be absent. 他竟然缺席，這使我感到吃驚。
The plight of the starving natives is appalling. 土著居民挨餓的境況簡直可怕。
The book was rather boring. 那本書相當枯燥乏味。
The day was so charming. 天氣真是好極了。
Some foreign press reports are quite confusing. 某些外國新聞報道很令人迷惑不解。
To us all this was peculiarly distressing. 對我們來說這一切都特別令人苦惱。
This was very disappointing. 這很令人失望。
The test results have been very discouraging. 測試結果很讓人沮喪。
The sight had not been encouraging. 那景象并不令人鼓舞。
It is frightening even to think of the horrors of nuclear war. 即便是想象一下核戰(zhàn)爭的恐怖都令人毛骨悚然。
Skiing is more exciting than skating. 滑雪比溜冰更刺激。
She was very pleasing in her appearance. 她的外貌很招人喜歡。
It's all very puzzling. 這事整個令人困惑。
His concern for his mother is most touching. 他對母親的關愛很感人。
It was thrilling to listen to the story of his adventures. 聽他的冒險故事很激動人心。
2) 一些表示狀態(tài)、品質的現(xiàn)在分詞也可用作表語：
The photograph is missing. 那張照片不見了。
She is always very obliging. 她總是樂于助人。
The reason he gave was not very convincing. 他給的理由不太有說服力。
These developments were rather disturbing. 這些發(fā)展情況相當令人不安。
The article was misleading, and the newspaper has apologized. 這篇文章具有誤導性，報紙已經道歉了。
In a way, teaching is rewarding. 從某種意義上說，教書是有回報的。
The tea smells inviting and tastes fresh. 這茶香氣誘人，味道清新。
The breeze was cool and refreshing. 這陣微風很涼爽提神。
That cake looks tempting. 那塊蛋糕很誘人。
Is the matter pressing? 這事很緊迫嗎？
The wheat crop looks promising. 小麥收成看來不錯。
The difference was most striking. 差別很明顯。
這樣用的現(xiàn)在分詞很多都已成了形容詞。
12.3.3 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語
1) 上節(jié)提到的這類現(xiàn)在分詞幾乎都可以用作定語，修飾一個名詞：
Mary is an appalling cook. 瑪麗做飯很糟糕。
Those relations of his are boring people. 他那些親屬是些討人嫌的人。
The experiment was an amazing success. 那項試驗是一個驚人的成功。
That is the least convincing excuse you could offer. 那是你能提出的最沒有說服力的理由。
It was an astonishing performance. 這是一場令人驚訝的演出。
That's a frightening thought. 這是一個可怕的想法。
There is a page missing from this book. 這本書缺了一頁。
He's a promising new painter. 他是一位很有希望的新畫家。
That must have been a terrifying experience. 那準是一段可怕的經歷。
I found nothing amusing in the streets. 我在街上沒發(fā)現(xiàn)什么趣事。
I found him a charming person. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個討人喜歡的人。
I have had rather a depressing time. 我有過一段相當壓抑的時期。
Acid rain has a devastating effect on the environment. 酸雨對環(huán)境有破壞性的影響。
It was a distressing situation for them. 對他們來說這是個痛苦的局面。
I have long thought of it as the most enchanting village in the area. 我長久以來都認為它是這地區(qū)最迷人的村莊。
It's the most exciting news. 這是最激動人心的消息。
He's a most interesting man. 他是個非常有趣的人。
What a shocking waste of time! 這樣浪費時間真令人震驚！
It was a thrilling development. 這是令人激動的發(fā)展。
I've had a tiring day. 我累了一天。
2) 還有一些不及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，不能用作表語，卻可用作定語：
the ailing economy 不景氣的經濟
a booming town 日漸繁榮的城市
dwindling profits 日益減少的利潤
increasing demand 日益增長的需求
growing doubts 越來越大的懷疑
diminishing returns 日益減少的效益
the existing conditions 現(xiàn)有條件
the prevailing fashion 盛行的時裝
the remaining days 剩下的歲月
lasting peace 持久的和平
a shining example 光輝的榜樣
the leading newspapers 主要報紙
developing countries 發(fā)展中國家
the ruling class 統(tǒng)治階級
a falling star 流星
the ageing population 日益老化的人口
living things 有生命的東西
the reigning champion 當前的冠軍
the rising generation 在成長的一代
a resounding victory 輝煌的勝利
3) 這類定語和構成合成詞的動名詞是有區(qū)別的?，F(xiàn)在分詞往往表示所修飾名詞的動作，而動名詞表示目的、用途等。試比較下面內容：
用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語 由動名詞構成的合成詞
* * *
* * *
flying sauces (=a sauce that flies) 飛碟 flying suit (a suit one wears when flying)飛行服
sleeping beauty 睡美人 sleeping-pills 安眠藥片
the waiting crowd 等候的人群 the waiting room 候機（車）室
a walking dictionary 活字典 a walking stick 手杖
running water 自來水 running track 跑道
the working personnel 員工 working conditions 工作條件
a living language 活的語言 living standard 生活水平
4) 現(xiàn)在分詞還可構成合成形容詞作定語：
long-lasting effects 長遠的影響
long-standing policy 傳統(tǒng)政策
close-fitting clothes 緊身服
a man-eating beast 吃人的野獸
a good-looking girl 漂亮姑娘
a hard-working teacher 勤奮的教師
far-reaching designs 遠大的計劃
never-ending work 沒完沒了的工作
a time-consuming job 費時的工作
an easy-going man 好說話的人
a record-breaking jump 破紀錄的一跳
an epoch-making event 劃時代的事件
earth-shattering news 震撼世界的新聞
labor-saving device 節(jié)省勞力的裝置
oil-bearing crops 油料作物
fine-sounding words 動聽的言辭
5) 現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）還可用在名詞后作定語，作用接近一個定語從句：
a. Here is a leaflet giving (＝that gives) full particulars of the plan. 這里有一份介紹這計劃全部細節(jié)的宣傳單。
This village is made up of 490 families belonging (＝who belonged) to five nationalities. 村子里有四百九十戶人家，分屬五個民族。
China stretches across a vast area covering (＝which covers) the cold, temperate and tropical zones. 中國幅員遼闊，包括寒帶、溫帶和熱帶。
We are brothers sharing (＝who share) weal and woe. 我們是患難與共的兄弟。
They plan to build a highway leading (＝which lead) into the mountains. 他們計劃修一條公路通往山區(qū)。
b. Who is the woman talking (＝who is talking) to Jim? 和吉姆交談的女人是誰？
There were 220 children studying (＝who were studying) in the art school.有二百二十個孩子在這所藝術學校學習。
There are a few boys swimming (＝who are swimming) in the stream. 有幾個男孩在小溪里游水。
There is a car waiting (＝which was waiting) outside. 有一輛小汽車在外邊等著。
The girl sitting (＝who was sitting) next to me was my cousin. 坐在我旁邊的姑娘是我表妹。
There is a bus coming (＝which is coming) up. 一輛公共汽車正開過來。
He was woken up by a bell ringing (＝which was ringing). 他被鈴聲驚醒。
在把分詞短語改為定語從句時，從句謂語可以是一個一般時態(tài)的動詞（a），也可以是一個進行時態(tài)的動詞（b），這從上面的例句中可以看出。
12.3.4 現(xiàn)在分詞構成復合結構
1) 現(xiàn)在分詞可在某些動詞后面構成復合賓語：
I see him passing my house every day. 我看見他天天從我房前走過。
Did you hear the clock striking? 你聽見鐘敲響嗎？
I smelt something burning. 我聞到有東西燒糊了。
He watched them rehearsing the play. 他看他們排戲。
She caught them stealing her apples. 她撞見他們偷她的蘋果。
I found a man standing at the door. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)門口站著一個人。
I could feel the wind blowing on my face. 我能感到風迎面吹來。
She noticed him carrying a bag. 她注意到他提著一個包。
He kept them working all day. 他讓他們整天干活。
She soon had them all laughing. 她很快就讓他們都笑了。
My clumsy mistake set all the girls giggling. 我愚蠢的錯誤使姑娘們都咯咯地笑了。
His letter left me feeling pretty humble. 他的信使我感到自己很卑微。
This news started me thinking. 這消息使我深思。
在listen to和look at后也可跟這種復合賓語：
I listened to the band playing in the park. 我聽樂隊在公園里演奏。
Just look at the rain pouring down! 瞧這傾盆大雨！
在某些動詞后，復合賓語可由現(xiàn)在分詞或不帶to的不定式構成，表示動作正在進行時用現(xiàn)在分詞，表示動作完成時用不定式，試比較下面句子：
有時兩者都可以用：
2) 上述結構很多可變?yōu)楸粍有问剑@時句中可說包含了一個復合謂語：
He was found lying on the floor. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)他躺在地上。
She was often heard humming this song. 人們常聽見她哼這首歌。
He was seen sitting in a cafe. 有人看見他坐在一家咖啡館里。
I have been kept waiting for over an hour. 讓我等了一個多鐘頭。
The man was caught selling drugs. 那人賣毒品時被當場抓住。
The papers were left lying around. 文件散落了一地。
3) 有些介詞后有時也可以跟包含現(xiàn)在分詞的復合賓語：
This is a picture of an old woman kneeling in a temple. 這張畫畫的是一位老太太在廟里跪拜。
He was like an old tree blossoming again. 他就像古樹又開了花。
The story is about several boys hunting for treasure in the mountains. 這故事講的是幾個男孩去深山尋寶。
The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing. 天氣晴朗，不時吹來陣陣清風。
I can't move about in the city without everybody knowing. 在這座城市我的行蹤無法不讓大家知道。
4) 下面這類“名（代）詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞”結構也可說是一種復合賓語：
I can't imagine Grandma riding a motor-bike. 我想象不出奶奶騎摩托車的樣子。
I can't stop him talking to the press. 我無法阻止他和新聞界談話。
I remember him (my father) telling me about it. 我記得他（我父親）曾告知我此事。
Excuse me not having come earlier. 原諒我沒早一點來。
He objected to people working for such low wages. 他反對人們?yōu)檫@么低的工資干活。
He insisted upon a second message being sent. 他堅持再發(fā)一份電報。
I should ask you instead of you asking me. 是我該問你而不是你問我。
12.3.5 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語
1) 在某些動詞（a）或復合謂語（b）后可用現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）作狀語：
a. He spent a lot of money modernizing the house. 他花了很多錢，把房子搞得很新潮。
We wasted a whole afternoon trying to repair the car. 我們試著修車浪費了整個下午。
She's going shopping this afternoon. 她今天下午要去購物。
The boy came running into the house. 男孩跑進屋來。
He rode away whistling. 他吹著口哨騎車走了。
Sophia sat waiting on the sofa in the sitting-room. 索菲婭坐在客廳沙發(fā)上等著。
I stood watching her, not knowing what to do. 我站著看著她，不知如何是好。
She was lying in bed crying. 她躺在床上哭。
He pretends to busy himself writing. 他假裝忙著寫東西。
Some left the hall still weeping. 有些人離開大廳時還在哭泣。
The manager approached us smiling. 經理笑著走近我們。
He ran out of the house shouting. 他喊叫著跑了出來。
b. The girls are busy making artificial flowers. 姑娘們在忙著做紙花。
She was in the kitchen preparing supper. 她在廚房做晚飯。
Many vehicles there are idle awaiting repairs. 許多車輛停在那里等候修理。
Over 20,000 people were there watching the football match. 有兩萬多人在那里觀看足球賽。
Thousands of people were gathered at the airport cheering the visiting president. 數(shù)以千計的人聚集在機場向來訪的總統(tǒng)歡呼。
The students were assembled in the school hall celebrating the occasion.小學生們聚集在禮堂里慶祝這個日子。
Have you been around seeing places? 你去附近參觀了什么地方沒有？
2) 在不少情況下，現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）可表示一個同時發(fā)生的次要的（或者說伴隨的）動作，這時常有一個逗號把它和句子的主要部分分開，分詞短語可以放在句首（a），也可放在后部（b），間或插在中間（c）：
a. Opening the drawer, he took out a box. 他打開抽屜，拿出一個盒子。
Taking off our shoes, we crept along the passage. 我們脫下鞋沿通道慢慢潛行。
Following Tom, they started to climb. 他們跟著湯姆開始往上爬。
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. 他從口袋里掏出鑰匙開了門。
Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities. 我們坐吉普車旅行，參觀了許多城市。
b. She went out, slamming the door. 她走了出去，砰的一聲把門關上。
He fired, wounding one of the bandits. 他開槍打傷了一個匪徒。
Mary walked round the town, looking at the sights. 瑪麗在城里轉悠觀景。
Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc. 請把這份表填一下，寫下你的姓名、住址等。
I got home, feeling very tired. 我到了家，感覺非常疲勞。
c. Those youngsters, shouldering spades and hoes, left merrily for the fields.那些年輕人扛著鐵鍬和鋤頭，高高興興下地去。
An old peasant, bringing his own food, volunteered as guide for us. 一位老農自帶干糧要給我們當向導。
一般說來，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的是句子主語的動作，換句話說，句子主語也是分詞的邏輯主語。
3) 分詞短語有時表示原因，相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句，可以放在前面（a）、后面（b）或中間（c）：
a. Being a student (=As he was a student), he was naturally interested in museums. 由于他是學生，他自然對博物館很感興趣。
Not knowing her address (=As we didn't know...), we couldn't get in touch with her. 因為我們不知道她的地址，沒法和她聯(lián)系。
Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. 因為沒見有人在家，她決定給他們留一個條。
Calling early, I found him at home. 因為去得早，我在他家找到了他。
b. They sent us an open letter, hoping to get our support. 他們寄給我們一封公開信，希望得到我們的支持。
They went on with their struggle, thinking theirs was a just cause. 他們繼續(xù)斗爭，認為他們的事業(yè)是正義的。
He never went out in daylight, fearing that the police would recognize him.他白天從不出去，害怕警察會認出他來。
c. Many of us, being so excited, could not go to sleep that night. 那一晚上，我們中有很多人激動得都沒睡著。
The doctor, not wishing to alarm her, didn't tell her how serious her conditionwas. 醫(yī)生不想讓她驚慌，沒告訴她病情有多么嚴重。
4) 分詞短語還可表示時間，相當于一個時間狀語從句，這有三種情況：
a. 表示一個動作一發(fā)生，另一個動作則隨即發(fā)生（相當于when引導的從句）：
Turning around (＝When she turned around), she saw an ambulance driving up. 她轉過身，看見一輛救護車開了過來。
Hearing the news (＝When they heard the news), they all jumped with joy. 聽到這消息，他們都高興得跳起來。
Arriving at the worksite, he found them busy laying bricks. 到達工地時，他看見他們在忙著砌磚。
Returning home, he began writing a melody for it. 回到家里，他開始給它譜曲。
b. 表示在做某事的過程中，發(fā)生某事或做某事，這時前面仍保留連詞when和while：
They got engaged when travelling in Europe. 他們在歐洲旅行時訂了婚。
We wear plimsolls when doing physical exercises at school. 我們在學校運動時都穿帆布球鞋。
Don't mention this while talking to him. 和他談話時別提這事。
She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing. 她在北京開會時認識了他們。
c. 表示上述情況時有也不帶連詞when或while：
Coming (＝While he was coming) down the mountain, he met Tom on the way. 他在下山路上碰到了湯姆。
Jim hurt his arm (while) playing tennis. 吉姆打網球時手臂受了傷。
The man slipped and fell (when) getting off the bus. 那人下車時一滑摔倒了。
Reading my newspaper, I heard the doorbell ring. 看報紙時我聽見門鈴響了。
5) 分詞短語偶爾也可表示結果：
Her husband died in 1960, leaving her with 5 children. 她丈夫死于1960年，給她留下了五個孩子。
They opened fire, killing one of our patrolmen. 他們開槍打死了我們一個巡邏兵。
The snow lasted a week, resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area. 雪下了一星期，造成整個地區(qū)嚴重的交通混亂。
有些表示狀態(tài)或條件的從句，可以省略一些詞，只剩下現(xiàn)在分詞和連詞一道構成狀語：
He turned round from time to time as if (he was) searching for someone. 他不時轉身望望，仿佛在找什么人似的。
She paused for a while as though (she was) waiting for a reply. 她停了一會兒，好像在等候回答。
If (you're) travelling north, you must change at Leeds. 如果是向北走，你得在利茲換車。
Unless (you are) paying by credit card, please pay in cash. 除非你用信用卡付款，否則請付現(xiàn)金。
12.3.6 關于現(xiàn)在分詞短語結構的幾個問題
1) 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式：
現(xiàn)在分詞有時需用完成形式，說明它表示的動作在主要謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生，這類短語或是作時間狀語（a），或是作原因狀語（b）：
a. Having found a hotel, they began to look for a restaurant. 找到旅館之后，他們就開始找餐館。
Having reviewed his lessons, he went to bed. 他復習完功課就睡覺了。
Having got our tickets, we drove to the airport to board the plane. 買到機票之后，我們就開車到機場登機。
Having sent the children to school, she got ready to go to work. 送孩子們上學之后，她就準備去上班。
b. Having been ill for two weeks, she felt rather weak. 由于病了兩周，她感到身體很虛弱。
Having lived there for some time, she knew the place quite well. 她在那里住過一段時間，因此對那地方很熟悉。
Having invited so many people, we had to prepare sufficient food. 既然請了那么多人，我們就得準備足夠的食物。
Not having got an answer, I decided to write him another letter. 由于沒收到回音，我決定再給他寫一封信。
2) 獨立結構：
有時現(xiàn)在分詞可以有自己的邏輯主語，稱之為獨立結構（Absolute Con-struction）：
The day being fine (＝As the day was fine), we decided to go swimming. 由于天氣晴朗，我們決定去游泳。
It being a holiday (＝As it was a holiday), all the shops were shut. 由于這天是假日，所有商店都關門了。
We're playing golf this afternoon—weather permitting (＝if the weather permits). 要是天氣允許，我們今天下午去打高爾夫球。
We explored the caves, Peter acting as guide. 由彼得當向導，我們探察了那些洞穴。
There being ice on the road, I told the driver to slow down. 路上有冰，我讓司機開慢點。
3) 現(xiàn)在分詞構成句子狀語：
現(xiàn)在分詞一般表示句子主語的動作，但作句子狀語（說明說話人的看法）時，則情況不是這樣：
Strictly speaking, that school is not very old. 嚴格地說，那所學校不算很古老。
Broadly speaking, adjectives are words that qualify nouns. 廣義地說，形容詞是修飾名詞的詞。
I think, personally speaking, it's a good idea. 就我個人來說，我認為這是個好主意。
Judging by his testimonials, I think he will suit the post. 從他的推薦信看，我認為他適合這項工作。
He leads a very active life, considering his age. 考慮到他的年紀，他的生活是很活躍的。
Supposing he can't come, who will do the work? 假如他來不了，誰來干這活？
這類狀語也可稱為獨立成分（Independent Element）。
