民宿時(shí)代：信任的秘密

民宿時(shí)代：信任的秘密

民宿現(xiàn)在成為了大家出行選擇住處的一種時(shí)尚，選擇民宿不僅要讓旅行者感覺(jué)環(huán)境舒心，更要住得放心。但是其中的信任有來(lái)自于哪里？

測(cè)試中可能遇到的詞匯和知識(shí)：

contemplate 沉思['k?ntemple?t; -t?m-]

corridor 走廊['k?r?d??]

vital 至關(guān)重要的['va?t(?)l]

arduous 費(fèi)力的['ɑ?dj??s]

ethnographic 人種志的；民族志學(xué)的[,eθn?'ɡr?f?k]

tribe 部落；族；宗族[tra?b]

ravage 毀壞；破壞['r?v?d?]

drought 干旱[dra?t]

betray 背叛；出賣(mài)[b?'tre?]

horrific 可怕的；令人毛骨悚然的[h?'r?f?k]

miracle 奇跡['m?r?k(?)l]

manipulate 操縱；操作[m?'n?pj?le?t]

extortionist 勒索者[?k'st?r??n?st]

racial minority 少數(shù)民族[?k'st?r??n?st] [ma?'n?r?t?; m?-]

bustle 喧鬧；忙亂['b?s(?)l]

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The meaning of trust in the age of Airbnb（897words）

By Tim Harford

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I am on holiday in Bavaria, where, in between the beer and schnitzels, I have been contemplating the nature of trust. A rather old-fashioned guest house happily took our reservation and let us run up a bill of nearly €1,000 without ever demanding more than a signature. Not for the Bavarians the pre-authorised credit card. Our room keys were stored in an unlocked cabinet in a quiet corridor, along with the keys of every other guest in the place. It made me wonder why anyone was bothering with keys in the first place. Nevertheless, our belongings were not stolen and we paid our bill when we left. The trust had been justified.

Since Germany is one of the most successful economies in the world and Bavaria is one of the most successful economies in Germany, the thought did cross my mind that trust might be one of the secrets of economic success. Steve Knack, an economist at the World Bank with a long-standing interest in trust, once told me that if one takes a broad enough view of trust, “it would explain basically all the difference between the per capita income of the United States and Somalia”. In other words, without trust — and its vital complement, trustworthiness — there is no prospect of economic development.

Simple activities become arduous in a low-trust society. How can you be sure you won’t be robbed on the way to the corner store? Hire a bodyguard? (Can you trust him?) The watered-down milk is in a locked fridge. As for something more complex like arranging a mortgage, forget about it.

Prosperity not only requires trust, it also encourages it. Why bother to steal when you are already comfortable? An example of poverty breeding mistrust comes from Colin Turnbull’s ethnographic study The Mountain People (1972), about the Ik, a displaced tribe ravaged by Ugandan drought in the 1960s. If Turnbull’s account is itself trustworthy (it may not be), in the face of extreme hunger, the Ik had abandoned any pretence at ethical behaviour and would lie, cheat and steal whenever possible. Parents would abandon their own children, and children betray their own parents. Turnbull’s story had a horrific logic. The Ik had no hope of a future, so they saw no need to protect their reputation for fair dealing.

One of the underrated achievements of the modern world has been to develop ways to extend the circle of trust by depersonalising it. Trust used to be a very personal thing: you would trust your friends or friends of friends. But when I withdrew €400 from a cash machine, it was not because the bank trusted me but because it could verify that my bank would repay the money. This is a cold corporate miracle.

Over the past few years, people have been falling in love with a hybrid model that allows a personal reputation to work even between strangers. One example is Airbnb, which lets people stay in the homes of complete strangers, a considerable exercise of trust on both sides. We successfully used it on another stop in our Bavarian holiday. Airbnb makes personal connections but uses online reviews to keep people honest: after our stay, we reviewed our host and he reviewed us.

To enthusiasts for “collaborative consumption”, the next step is to develop systems that allow users to take the reputation they have built up as a generous and conscientious Airbnb host, and to use it to convey that they are also a prompt and careful Lyft driver or a reliable and honest eBay seller.

But designing such a system is problematic. Science fiction writer Cory Doctorow posited a purely reputational currency in his novel Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (2003). Such currencies, he says, are easily manipulated by con artists and extortionists. We’re misunderstanding the reason that eBay and Airbnb work, says Doctorow. It’s not because of the brilliance of the online reputation system but “because most people aren’t crooks”, an idea any Bavarian hotelier would understand. ?.?.?.

Personalised trust has never been fairly distributed. When Harvard Business School researchers Benjamin Edelman, Michael Luca and Dan Svirsky conducted field experiments on Airbnb, they found that both hosts and guests were discriminating against racial minorities. Other researchers have found evidence of discrimination in places from Craigslist to carpools. New online tools are giving us the ability to treat faraway strangers as though they were neighbours — and we do, in good ways and in bad.

Trust is as unfairly granted in Bavaria as anywhere else. While browsing for shades in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, I warned my young son not to play with the merchandise: a sign forbade children to touch the sunglasses.

The shopkeeper bustled over and reassured me that the rule did not apply to my son. “It’s for the Arab kids,” she told me, beaming. “They just drop the sunglasses on the floor.”

Ah. My son is adorably blond but he is as capable of snapping a pair of designer sunglasses as any other four-year-old. Trust is sometimes given to people who do not deserve it. And it is often withheld from people who do.

Tim Harford is the author of ‘The Undercover Economist Strikes Back’. Twitter @TimHarford. He is speaking at the FT Weekend Live festival in London on September 3 alongside Vivienne Westwood, Lionel Barber, Heston Blumenthal, Martin Wolf and many more. Details and tickets from live.ft.com

請(qǐng)根據(jù)你所讀到的文章內(nèi)容，完成以下自測(cè)題目：

1. Does Bavaria belong to which country?

A. Canada

B. Italy

C. Chile

D. Germany

2. Which one is right about the secrets of economic success？

A. talents

B. trust

C. trap

D. fund

3. Which one is not right to describe collaborative consumption?

A. generous

B. honest

C. cheat

D. conscientious

4. What is the reason of the shopkeeper bustled over Arab kids?

A. care

B. discrimination

C. respect

D. autism

[1] 答案 D. Germany

解釋?zhuān)喊头ダ麃喼菔锹?lián)邦德國(guó)一州名。

[2] 答案 B. trust

解釋?zhuān)何恼绿岬?，一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的成功取決于這個(gè)環(huán)境為大家所帶來(lái)的可信任度。

[3] 答案 C. cheat

解釋?zhuān)簠f(xié)同消費(fèi)是指消費(fèi)者利用線(xiàn)上、線(xiàn)下的社區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)合作或互利消費(fèi)的一種經(jīng)濟(jì)模式，包括在擁有、租賃、使用或互相交換物品等方面的合作。合作的基本就是誠(chéng)信，要大方認(rèn)真盡責(zé)。

[4] 答案 B. discrimination

解釋?zhuān)喝藗冊(cè)趯?duì)待陌生人的態(tài)度上，絕大部分會(huì)出自于對(duì)人類(lèi)種族的看法，種族歧視是不可避免的問(wèn)題。尊重與信任好像本應(yīng)屬于應(yīng)得的人群。