英國學(xué)生科學(xué)讀本 Lesson 81 一張紙(2)

The torn rags are then boiled in water to which lime and soda have been added. This mixture removes all grease, stains, and colouring matters. The clean white rags are next put with water into another machine, which pulls the fibres apart, tears them into small pieces, and beats them into a soft white paste or pulp.

隨后, 人們將這些撕裂的破布放入水中, 添加石灰和蘇打。這種混合液體能夠清理掉任何油脂、污點與有色物質(zhì)。接下來, 干凈的白色破布與水一起放到另一臺機(jī)器中, 它可以將纖維撕成碎片, 攪拌成柔軟的白色紙漿。

Boys dip into this pulp square trays or frames, with bottoms made of thin wire threads, and take up just enough pulp to cover the trays. The water runs off through the wire bottoms, and a thin sheet of the fibres is left behind. This sheet is pressed between layers of felt till it is dry, and it is then just like thin blotting-paper.

工人們將方形托盤或框子深入到紙漿之中, 這種工具的底部是細(xì)線做成的網(wǎng)。他們?nèi)〕鲎銐蚨嗟募垵{, 覆蓋整個托盤。隨后, 紙漿從網(wǎng)中流走, 在托盤上留下一層薄薄的纖維。這層纖維經(jīng)過數(shù)層毛氈的擠壓, 直到變干。隨后, 它就成為了很薄的吸墨紙的樣子。

If it is to be made into writing-paper, the sheet is next dipped into size, and then dried again. Last of all a fine polish is given to the writing-paper by passing it between smooth steel rollers.

如果要生產(chǎn)書寫紙, 那么這層纖維就需要浸入膠料, 然后再次曬干。最后, 人們通過光滑的鋼輥對書寫紙進(jìn)行擠壓, 進(jìn)行最后一道壓光工序。

If you hold up a piece of writing-paper to the light, you will probably see letters marked on it. These letters are called the water-mark, and they are made by means of wires fixed in the bottom of the tray in which the pulp was taken up.

如果你舉起一張書寫紙, 對準(zhǔn)亮光, 可能就會看到其中的字母。這些字母就是水印, 人們在托盤底部裝上各種造型的細(xì)線, 當(dāng)紙漿覆蓋上去之后就會留下這些字母的形狀。

The paper used for printing newspapers and books is now made by machinery in rolls or webs several miles in length.

如今, 報紙與圖書使用的紙張都是機(jī)器生產(chǎn)的, 造出的紙卷可長達(dá)數(shù)英里。

Paper is sometimes used for making collars and cuffs, trays, water-pipes, boats, and even wheels for railway carriages. Paper was not used in Britain until about four hundred years ago. Before that time all writing was done on parchment, which is the prepared skin of the sheep.

有時候, 人們用紙張來制作衣領(lǐng)與袖口、托盤、水管、小船甚至火車車廂的輪子。英國使用紙張的歷史大約只有四百年。在此之前, 人們使用經(jīng)過特殊處理的羊皮作為書寫介質(zhì)。

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