43 現(xiàn)在完成時用法(三):到截至目前的一個時間段內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動作 Track 043
表示到目前為止的一個時間段內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。
注:圖中每一個黑點都表示一次動作;虛線表示與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。
我們來看看美國前總統(tǒng)克林頓在2001年1月18日卸任演說時,是怎樣回顧自己的政績的:
a. In all the work I have done as president, every decision I have made,every executive action I have taken, every bill I have proposed and signed, I’ve tried to give all Americans the tools and conditions to build the future of our dreams, in a good society, with a strong economy, a cleaner environment, and a freer, safer, more prosperous world.
(在過去的八年里,)作為總統(tǒng),我所做的每項工作,包括做出的每一個決策,采取的每一個行政措施,以及提議并簽署的每一個法案,都是在盡力為美國人民提供途徑和創(chuàng)造條件,讓他們能在經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)盛,環(huán)境清潔,全世界更自由、更安全、更繁榮的社會背景下,筑就理想的未來。
在這里,克林頓不厭其煩地使用完成時態(tài),正是表示其八年總統(tǒng)任職期間,他“重復(fù)不斷”地have done, have made decisions, have taken action以及have proposed and signed bills。
再看下面另一位美國前總統(tǒng)小布什2002年2月22日在清華大學(xué)的演說中,是如何使用完成時態(tài)的這一“重復(fù)動作”思維的:
b. During the 30 years since, America and China have exchanged many handshakes of friendship and commerce. And as we have had more contact with each other, the citizens of both countries have gradually learned more about each other. And that’s important.
那之后的三十年(指尼克松于1972年首次訪華到2002年這30年)當(dāng)中,美國和中國已經(jīng)多次握手,交換友誼并開展商業(yè)往來。隨著我們兩國之間接觸的日益頻繁,我們兩國的國民也逐漸加深了對彼此的了解,這是非常重要的。
c. A total of 36,832 fires in China have killed 971 people during the first quarter of the year, injuring 1,228 and causing 310 million yuan in direct economic losses, a source with the statistics said.
統(tǒng)計顯示,今年第一季度全國共發(fā)生火災(zāi)36, 832起,造成971人死亡,1, 228人受傷,造成直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失3.1億元。
d. For more than eighty years, scientists have argued over whether life exists on the planet Mars.
八十多年來,科學(xué)家們一直就火星上是否有生命存在這一問題爭論不休。
e. Mary told her friend about her husband’s poor memory. “My husband is losing his memory. But I can’t complain. I have had three birthdays this year.”
f.We have taken three tests so far this week .
g. I have made many new friends since I came to Beijing.
h. I have written my girlfriend one hundred love letters since we met.
i. Great as Newton was, many of his ideas______today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A.are to challenge
B.may be challenged
C.are challenging
D.have been challenged
正確答案:D。
最后,需要說明的是,這里的“重復(fù)發(fā)生”和現(xiàn)在完成時的第一種“一直在延續(xù)”的用法有時難以區(qū)分。但是,過分糾結(jié)這種動作是“重復(fù)發(fā)生”還是在“一直延續(xù)”是無意義的,我們只要真正理解現(xiàn)在完成時有這三種思維方式即可。