45 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法比較 Track 045
常常讓學(xué)生將“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”與“一般過(guò)去時(shí)”混淆不清的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第二種用法。因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)完成時(shí)表示的也是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或情況,只是當(dāng)我們強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有意義或仍產(chǎn)生影響時(shí)才用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
試比較:
a. He can’t go on holiday because he has broken his leg.
(言外之意Now he is still in hospital, so he can’t go on holiday. 他現(xiàn)在還在住院,所以不能去度假。)
b. He broke his leg.
他腿摔斷過(guò)。(單純是表示一種過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷,但現(xiàn)在腿已經(jīng)好了。)
c. One of your friends is driving a sports car but he seems to be very nervous and not sure what to do. You may ask: Have you driven a sports car before? He may reply: No, this is the first time that I’ve driven a sports car.
上句顯然就是因?yàn)榭吹脚笥?strong>現(xiàn)在的表現(xiàn)——他很緊張,你提出了懷疑:?jiǎn)査诖饲笆欠?ldquo;開(kāi)過(guò)車(chē)”——于是將現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去聯(lián)系起來(lái)了。
d. Did you drive to the party?
那天你是開(kāi)車(chē)去參加晚會(huì)的嗎?(這只是單純表示過(guò)去)試比較:
a. I haven’t seen him this morning.
b. I didn’t see him this morning.
不同的時(shí)態(tài),表明說(shuō)話(huà)的時(shí)間不同:a句用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),而完成時(shí)是要與“現(xiàn)在”發(fā)生聯(lián)系的,故a句說(shuō)話(huà)的時(shí)間是this morning。b句用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí),說(shuō)明this morning已經(jīng)成為過(guò)去時(shí)間,故b句說(shuō)話(huà)的時(shí)間是在“今天下午”或“今天晚上”。
c. I have called him three times this morning.
d. I called him three times this morning.
同理,c句用了完成時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)的是到現(xiàn)在為止的一個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)重復(fù)的動(dòng)作,故c句說(shuō)話(huà)的時(shí)間是在this morning。d句用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí),一般過(guò)去時(shí)表明事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去,與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有什么聯(lián)系,故d句說(shuō)話(huà)的時(shí)間是在“今天下午”或“今天晚上”。
延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別:
請(qǐng)比較以下例句:
a. He lives in Beijing. He has lived here for 3 years.
(還可能將繼續(xù)住在這里)
b. He lived in Beijing for 3 years and then emigrated to America.
(曾經(jīng)住過(guò),但現(xiàn)在已搬走了。)
c. He has been in the army for 6 years.
(他入伍已有六年。)
d. He was in the army for 6 years.
(他當(dāng)過(guò)六年的兵,現(xiàn)在不是了。)
e. I have smoked for 2 years.
(我已有兩年的煙齡了,可能還要繼續(xù)吸。)
f.I smoked for 2 years.
(我抽過(guò)兩年的煙,但現(xiàn)在戒了。)