6 全面理解“先行詞” Track06
我們知道,先行詞和關(guān)系詞是定語(yǔ)從句的兩個(gè)重要概念,定語(yǔ)從句的核心內(nèi)容就是圍繞先行詞和關(guān)系詞展開(kāi)的。我們現(xiàn)在簡(jiǎn)單回顧一下這兩個(gè)重要概念。請(qǐng)看例句:
a.The girl is my girlfriend. She is dancing with that boy.
b. The girl who is dancing with that boy is my girlfriend.
正在和那個(gè)男孩跳舞的女孩是我的女朋友。
1) 先行詞:被關(guān)系詞所指代(b句中用who指代the girl),并且被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾或限定的對(duì)象稱為先行詞。b句中the girl即為先行詞。
2) 關(guān)系詞:重復(fù)指代先行詞,起連接主句和從句的作用并且在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定成分的連接詞。b句中的who即為關(guān)系詞。因此關(guān)系詞有兩個(gè)作用:①代詞作用:重復(fù)指代先行詞并且在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定成分;②連接作用:起連接主句和從句的作用。
(1)先行詞可以不只是一個(gè)詞
盡管我們把定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的對(duì)象稱為先行詞,但先行詞并不一定都是一個(gè)“詞”。先行詞可以是:
1)一個(gè)詞(通常是名詞,也可以是代詞)
a. The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.
b. He who laughs last, laughs best. 誰(shuí)笑到最后誰(shuí)笑得最好。
c.Never leave that until tomorrow which you can do today.今日事,今日畢。
2)一個(gè)短語(yǔ)
He likes climbing mountains , which is a good exercise.
3)一個(gè)分句
He said that he had no time , which isn't true.
4)一個(gè)完整的句子
a. He arrived an hour later , which annoyed his girlfriend very much.
b. My girlfriend likes dancing with other guys , which really drives me crazy.
(2)正確找出先行詞
只有先正確找出先行詞,才能明白定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的真正成分是什么,這樣才能正確理解句子前后的邏輯關(guān)系,分清句子結(jié)構(gòu),從而正確理解句子的意思。之所以這樣講,是因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)先行詞并不像常規(guī)那樣[如下列1)中的a,b句]緊靠著關(guān)系詞,而是與關(guān)系詞之間插入了其他成分[如下列2)中的a,b,c,d句],這時(shí)位于關(guān)系詞前面的名詞就不是先行詞。
1)先行詞緊靠關(guān)系詞
a.There is a very interesting remark in a book by a man who is a great American writer.
b. The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.
2)先行詞與關(guān)系詞被分隔
a. There is a very interesting remark in a book by an American writer that I read recently .
分析:先行詞a book與關(guān)系代詞that被先行詞的另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)by an American writer所隔開(kāi),即先行詞a book帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ):一個(gè)是介詞短語(yǔ)by an American writer,另一個(gè)是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
b. I don't suppose anything happens that he doesn't foresee.
分析:先行詞anything與關(guān)系代詞that被suppose的賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞happens所隔開(kāi)。注意,先行詞為anything這樣的不定代詞時(shí),關(guān)系詞用that而不用which。
c. He who laughs last , laughs best. 誰(shuí)笑到最后誰(shuí)笑得最好。
d. Never leaves that until tomorrow which you can do today. 今日事,今日畢。
(3)正確找出先行詞關(guān)系到:
1)關(guān)系詞的選擇
a. He needs a long spoon_________sups with the devil.
A. who
B. which
C. as
D. when
正確答案:A。
分析:因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句的先行詞是he,而不是spoon,因此關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該為關(guān)系代詞。這是一句諺語(yǔ),字面意思是“同魔鬼一起喝湯需要用一把長(zhǎng)勺子”,言外之意就是“同壞人打交道需要提防著”。
b.The world is a book, and those_________read only a page do not travel.
A. which
B. who
C. what
D. whom
正確答案:B。
分析:先行詞是指“人”的those,因此關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該為關(guān)系代詞,且在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。
2)定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致問(wèn)題
a. Despite (A) much research, there are still certain elements in(B) the life cycle of the insect that is(C) not fully understood(D).
正確答案:C,應(yīng)改為are。先行詞是certain elements,而不是the insect。
b.It is(A) the interaction(B) between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that are(C) the main focus of social(D)psychology.
正確答案:C,應(yīng)改為is。先行詞是the interaction,而不是their lives。
相信大家已經(jīng)體會(huì)到“抓住先行詞”對(duì)于正確理解定語(yǔ)從句的重要意義。在今后的學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)中,遇到定語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)候,首先要想到“抓住先行詞”。因?yàn)橹挥姓_找到先行詞,才能分清句子結(jié)構(gòu),理解句子各部分的邏輯關(guān)系,從而正確理解句子的意思。