43　不定式的時(shí)態(tài)　Track41

 

（1）不定式時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成
不定式的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)是不定式作為動(dòng)詞的特征體現(xiàn)。英文中把動(dòng)作分為四種不同的完成程度：一般動(dòng)作、進(jìn)行動(dòng)作、完成動(dòng)作和完成進(jìn)行動(dòng)作。同理，不定式也具備這四種形式。不定式同樣還有語(yǔ)態(tài)方面的變化。現(xiàn)列表如下：

 
（2）不定式的一般式（to do）
不定式的一般形式to do所表示的動(dòng)作通常：
1）與主要謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。
a.I am glad to see you.
b.I heard him sing last night.（此句型中要省略不定式的標(biāo)志to，但是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不能省略：He was heard to sing last night.）
2）或是在主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。
We plan to go to the sea this summer.
（3）不定式的完成式（to have done）（四、六級(jí)考試重點(diǎn)）
不定式的完成式可表示：
1）發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前的動(dòng)作
由上述第（2）點(diǎn)得知，不定式的一般式不能表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前的動(dòng)作，若要表示不定式的動(dòng)作比謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作先發(fā)生，則不定式要用其完成式to have done。
a.We are happy to have visited so many historic places in Beijing.
在北京參觀了那么多名勝古跡，我們感到很開心。
b.Humans are believed to have evolved from the primate species.
人們相信，人類是由靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物進(jìn)化過(guò)來(lái)的。
c.Albert Einstein, the great American scientist, is estimated to have had the incredible intelligence quotient of 200.
據(jù)估計(jì)，美國(guó)偉大的科學(xué)家愛(ài)因斯坦的智商高達(dá)200，這真讓人難以置信。
d.The rain seems to have stopped . It means the rain seems now to have stopped a few minutes ago.
e.I am very sorry to have bothered you with so many questions on such an occasion.
f.I am sorry not to have come on Thursday. (=I am sorry that I didn't come on Thursday.)
g.The redwood appears_________some 100 years ago in northern forests around the world.
A. having to flourish
B. to flourish
C. to have flourished
D. have flourished
正確答案：C。
分析：句子謂語(yǔ)appears表示現(xiàn)在，而some 100 years ago表明不定式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，所以選C。
2）表示“非真實(shí)”的過(guò)去
用在表示打算、需要、計(jì)劃等動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)的后面，表示過(guò)去本打算做但事實(shí)上沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。這些動(dòng)詞有mean，intend，think，plan，hope，wish，propose等。
a.I meant to have telephoned , but I forgot.
我本來(lái)打算打電話的，但是我忘記了。
b.I planned to have visited you last night, but I was too busy.
我昨晚本來(lái)想去看你，但太忙了。
我們還可用下邊兩種結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)同一種意思：
① was/were to have done, would like to have done, should like to have done
a.I was to have telephoned , but I forgot.
b.I was to have visited you last night, but I was too busy.
② 過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ to do
用上述動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示此意，但此時(shí)不定式不能用完成式，而要用一般式to do。
a.I had intended to see you, but I was busy.
不說(shuō)：
I had intended to have seen you, but I was busy.*
b.He was to_________to a foreign university but the war prevented.
A. have gone
B. go
C. be going
D. have been going
正確答案：A。
因此，表示“過(guò)去想做而實(shí)際未做成”的事，有下述三種表達(dá)方式：
① was/were to have done, would like to have done, should like to have done
② intended (meant, designed, hoped, planned, thought, wished, proposed) + to have done
③ had intended (meant, designed, hoped, planned, thought, wished, proposed) + to do
3）偶爾表示“將來(lái)”
She hopes to have finished the work by the time he comes back.
她希望在他回來(lái)之前把這些工作都做完。
這句話本來(lái)是由賓語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)的：
She hopes that she will have finished the work by the time he comes back.
由于句中by the time對(duì)應(yīng)的主句一般與完成時(shí)態(tài)連用，因此將賓語(yǔ)從句改成不定式需要用不定式的完成式，這時(shí)，表示的是一個(gè)將來(lái)完成的動(dòng)作。
（4）不定式的進(jìn)行式（to be doing）（不常用）
不定式的進(jìn)行式可表示：
1）正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
通常用在appear，happen，pretend，seem等動(dòng)詞之后。如同進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)那樣，動(dòng)詞不定式的進(jìn)行式（to be doing）用于表示在我們談?wù)摰臅r(shí)間（現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去）正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或者說(shuō)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
a.He pretended to be listening attentively when the teacher came by. 當(dāng)老師走過(guò)時(shí)，他假裝正在專心聽講。
此句相當(dāng)于：He pretended that he was listening attentively...
b.He pretended to be sleeping when she came in.
c.He happened to be singing in the room when I came in this morning.
2）反復(fù)發(fā)生的一般性動(dòng)作
因?yàn)檫M(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可以表示一個(gè)最近一段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)的一般性動(dòng)作，同樣，不定式進(jìn)行式可表示一種反復(fù)發(fā)生的一般性動(dòng)作，此時(shí)帶有很強(qiáng)的感情色彩。
a.In the 1980s and early 1990s, athletes entering international sports competitions seemed to be getting younger and younger. Talented young athletes...boys and girls...were spotted early on in their school career, and were given special training.
b.I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem _____all the time.
A. to get worse
B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse
D. getting worse
正確答案：B。
（5）不定式的完成進(jìn)行式（to have been doing）（較少用到）
表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)開始并且一直在持續(xù)進(jìn)行的某一動(dòng)作。
a.They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.
= It is said that they have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.
據(jù)說(shuō)他們一直在云南收集民歌。
b.He seems to have been sitting there all day.
c.I seem to have been learning English for over ten years.
d.The little girl seems to have been watching TV all this evening.