8.2 Metaphor
8.2A Metaphor的含義和形式
1) Metaphor為“隱喻”,亦稱“暗喻”。它同明喻一樣,也是在兩個不同類對象之間進行比喻,區(qū)別在于:明喻把本體和喻體說成是相似的,而隱喻則干脆把兩者說成是一致的;明喻中有“比喻詞”,而隱喻中不用了,故隱喻也被稱為“壓縮了的明喻”(Condensed simile),試比較:
明喻 隱喻
The news is as a dagger to his heart. The news is a dagger to his heart.
Joe fought like a lion. Joe was a lion in the battle.
Learning may be likened to climbing up a mountain. Learning is climbing up a mountain.
The gossip was like a net that strangled her. She was strangled in the net of gossip.
2) 隱喻不僅不用“比喻詞”,直接把本體說成是喻體,而且有時句中僅僅出現(xiàn)喻體,而沒有寫出本體,因此含義較含蓄,需要讀者根據(jù)上下文去領會。例如:
J. T. Adams有句名言:
Money is the lens in a camera.
為什么說金錢是一部照相機的鏡頭?照相機的鏡頭能反映出一個人的不同面貌,金錢則能檢驗出一個人的不同品質,故而兩者有共同之處。
又如美國總統(tǒng)Lincoln曾把南北戰(zhàn)爭比作家庭紛爭,主張南北統(tǒng)一,共建國家。為陳述分裂和內戰(zhàn)的危害,他使用了一個發(fā)人深省的隱喻:A house divided against itself can't stand.我國古代有位老人用一根筷子易斷而一打筷子難折的比喻教導他的孩子們搞好團結,兩個隱喻有異曲同工之妙。
8.2B Metaphor的使用
1) 隱喻和明喻具有同樣的修辭功能,不論在描寫、說明或論述等各種文體中都得到廣泛的使用,因而Jevans說:
We should often be at a loss how to describe a notion, were we not at liberty to employ in a metaphorical sense the name of anything sufficiently resembling it.
由于隱喻不直接將本體與喻體相比,而是巧妙地通過人們熟悉的形象、特征、動作或哲理去暗示人們尚不熟悉或不易把握的對象,表面上看來不像比喻,實際上在暗中打了個比喻,而且往往是比明喻更進了一層的比喻,顯得更加簡煉、貼切、生動、含蓄。試比較:
A1) The machine-gun shot down the enemy like a mower cutting down the grass.
A2) The machine-gun mowed down the enemy.
B1) The parks of our city are like human lungs.
B2) The parks are the lungs of our city.
上述A1和B1都是明喻,A2和B2都是隱喻,前者固然生動明了,但不及后者簡潔有力。當然這并不是說在任何情況下隱喻總是比明喻好一些,何況有時還只宜用明喻,例如:
Sometimes I rambled to pine groves, standing like temples, or like fleets at sea, full-rigged, with wavy boughs, and rippling with light ...
(Henry David Thoreau)
總之,明喻和隱喻各有千秋,關鍵在于用得恰當,做到明喻明而不俗,隱喻隱而不晦,使之配合使用,相得益彰。
2) 有些通過隱喻構成的詞語使用多了,逐漸失去了原有的新意和生動感,人們習以為常,不再視作隱喻,于是成了“Faded(或Dead) metaphors”,如table-leg, bottleneck, running brook, square shooter (原與shooting iron有關)等。研究詞源的人會對這種現(xiàn)象感興趣。例如:“magazine”一詞,人們通常只知道它指“periodical (publication)”,實際上,它的阿拉伯語原意是指“a store house”,為此,我們有“powder magazine(火藥庫)”,“magazine of a rifle (彈倉、彈匣)”這樣一些短語。