19.1 段落的含義和要求
19.1A 段落的產(chǎn)生和劃分
1) 文章為什么要分段?據(jù)說中世紀時用羊皮紙書寫,因價格昂貴,不僅不分段,句子和字之間也不空開,如寫成:
Wecouldstillunderstandwhatwereadasthisshows ...
后來,為了便于閱讀,不僅每個詞分開,數(shù)字也帶標點符號或適當留空,如:
$12,034,600.00 $12 034 600.00
電話號碼也一樣
011-86-21-531-9671 011 86 21 531 9671
(616) 846-5551
看來,文章分段的目的有兩個,首先是便于讀者接受和把握作者的思路,同時對作者來說,也有利于自己一步步、一層層地把話題展開。
2) 段落有兩種。上面講到的分段是指文章的自然段落。自然段落的格式為:各段重新起行,并通常縮進四個字母,結尾通常是句號。有時也會出現(xiàn)問號,感嘆號或省略號等完整句的符號。但不會是逗號、分號、冒號,因為它們不是完整的獨立句子的符號,不能用來表示一個自然段的結尾。
文章的段落也可指語段。語段可以包括幾個自然段,是文章中一個較大的話語單位。
3) 本章討論的是文章的自然段。關于段落的長短,在書、雜志和報紙中很不相同,例如現(xiàn)代文章的自然段比古時短,報紙上文章的段落比書上的短,因為篇幅欄目所限,報紙通常是要求報道最基本的事件或信息。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,現(xiàn)代文章段落的平均長度是在50-150字,至少有3個完整的句子。
19.1B 段落的修辭要求
1) 詞語組成句子,句子組成段落;寫好句子是寫好文章的基礎,而寫好段落則是寫文章的關鍵。前面講到的遣詞造句的要求(參見第4-5章)也適用于組句成段。例如句中不應有不必要的詞語,同樣,段落也不應有不必要的句子。William Struck說:
A paragraph should contain no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts.
2) 一個好的段落必須從形式到內容緊扣一個中心思想或中心思想的某個方面,必須符合一致和連貫的要求(參見第18章)。有時寫作課的教師在學生的作文中批下述字樣:
Unity / Con (tinuity)/ Focus / Coh (erence)
筆者在美國進修時曾在Writing Center作tutor。有次一位學生把她所寫的一個寫作練習給我看:
Mom asked me to see my aunt last Sunday. She was unwell recently and had to go see her doctor 3 times. The doctor prescribed her some medicine and asked her to stay in bed for a couple of days.
Jane is the second daughter of my aunt, and both of us fancy for the guitar. We are on the school team and going to perform at the opening ceremony of our summer sports the coming week end.
The school sports meet is held once every year, and all students are encouraged to take part in it. I'm going to take 100-meter race and 400 relay race.
該學生對我講,教師在她的練習旁邊批上“Unity / Coh.”,她感到不可理解,她還把教科書的段落格式給我看,并爭辯道:“這里形式上是一個自然段,但其中講到3件事,而我寫的段落里只也有3件事,為什么書上的段落一致而我寫的卻不一致?”又問道:“我是否要把這3個段落并在一起才算符合老師的要求?”
我對她解釋說:書上的段落里雖然提到3件事,是舉例說明前面的主題句(Topic sentence)。如同諺語All roads lead to Rome.一樣,Rome就是主題,所有內容都必須緊扣主題,否則就違反了“一致”原則,而她的3個段落各講各的事,沒有共同的主題,因此不符合老師的要求。為此我建議她圍繞“忙”這個主題做如下改寫:
I find myself terribly busy these week ends. Last Sunday, Mom asked me to see my aunt. She was unwell and had to go and see her doctor 3 times. I stayed with her for quite some time taking care of her and comforting her, telling her she will be okay if she follows the doctor's advice and stays in bed for a couple of days.
Jane, the second child of my aunt, is one of my school mates. Both of us fancy for the guitar and are on the school team. When our sports meet is held the coming Saturday, we are going to play at the opening ceremony. Besides, I'm going to take part in two events on Sunday, 100-meter race and 400m. relay race.