英語(yǔ)修辭與寫(xiě)作·23.3　建議與可行性報(bào)告

23.3　建議與可行性報(bào)告

23.3A　建議報(bào)告

1） 一項(xiàng)建議（Proposal）是針對(duì)某個(gè)（方面的）問(wèn)題提出的解決方案，并請(qǐng)有關(guān)方面批準(zhǔn)實(shí)施。建議有口頭的，有書(shū)面的；有屬于工作任務(wù)的，也有屬于以出售為目的的。我們這里討論的是書(shū)面建議的寫(xiě)作。

2） 在建議的準(zhǔn)備過(guò)程中，應(yīng)制訂寫(xiě)作計(jì)劃，首先要對(duì)問(wèn)題對(duì)象加以分析，抓住如何提出問(wèn)題，如何解決及實(shí)施計(jì)劃等關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行必要的調(diào)查研究，結(jié)合評(píng)估的方式及要求，使用明確、適度和富于說(shuō)服力的語(yǔ)言去寫(xiě)。

3） 建議有嚴(yán)格的格式要求，通常由Transmittal Letter, Title Page, Table of Contents把讀者引入建議的具體內(nèi)容。

4） Transmittal Letter向讀者非常禮貌地介紹建議的主題，有時(shí)簡(jiǎn)述要點(diǎn)，并向有關(guān)人士和方面致意。

5） Title Page的基本格式如下：（TITLE）

(TITLE)

A PROPOSAL

for

Company or Person's Name

Address

by

Writer or Company's Name

Address

Date

Abstract:

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

Approved by_______________　　Date_______________

說(shuō)明：若篇幅不夠，可將Abstract另打一頁(yè)，放在Title Page之后。

6） 篇幅在5頁(yè)以上的建議，須有“目錄”（Table of Contents），基本格式如下：

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract....................................................................i

List of Illustrations.......................................................ii

Introduction................................................................1

　　Problem Statement...............................................1

　　Proposed Solution................................................4

Project Scope.............................................................5

Schedule....................................................................6

Budget.......................................................................7

　　Hardware............................................................7

　　Personnel...........................................................8

Appendices.........................................................

　　Appendix A:.........................................................9

　　Appendix B:.........................................................10

幾點(diǎn)說(shuō)明：

a. 若封面上已有摘要，則這里的Abstract一項(xiàng)刪去，List of Illustrations亦可從略。另外，例中的頁(yè)碼僅作示范，并非固定不變。

b. 在Introduction部分一方面要突出建議的價(jià)值和可行性，另一方面要實(shí)事求是，既不否認(rèn)可能存在消極因素，又不靠嘩眾取寵的言詞來(lái)推銷自己的主張，而是力求靠邏輯和事實(shí)說(shuō)話，如對(duì)Problem不要言過(guò)其實(shí)，對(duì)Solution要留有余地。這里還可分析一下以前的一些解決辦法，恰如其分地肯定成績(jī)和指出不足之處，并突出現(xiàn)在建議辦法的科學(xué)依據(jù)。

c. 在Project Scope部分應(yīng)首先說(shuō)明這是對(duì)未來(lái)情況的設(shè)想，同時(shí)陳述設(shè)想的依據(jù)。

d. 在Schedule部分應(yīng)較具體地列出工作任務(wù)，誰(shuí)去承擔(dān)，完成該項(xiàng)工作任務(wù)的意義、困難、可能性及大體時(shí)間表。

e. Budget要建立在科學(xué)預(yù)測(cè)及反復(fù)測(cè)算的基礎(chǔ)之上。其中Personnel項(xiàng)既要說(shuō)明工作量，又要事先考察清楚勞動(dòng)力的來(lái)源，工具及配套設(shè)施的安排，骨干力量的素質(zhì)和數(shù)量，是否需要培訓(xùn)，需要時(shí)怎樣安排，培訓(xùn)人員的來(lái)源、報(bào)酬、工作環(huán)境，等等。

f. Appendices可能一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)，也可能一個(gè)也不需要。

7） 讀者對(duì)象（audience或readers）是任何寫(xiě)作中都應(yīng)研究的問(wèn)題，寫(xiě)建議報(bào)告這類勸導(dǎo)式文章時(shí)尤其要注意。以下幾點(diǎn)可供研究時(shí)參考：

a. 列出所有的讀者對(duì)象，分析哪些是最主要的讀者，哪些人次之，建議報(bào)告同哪些人關(guān)系最直接、最重要，從而確定主要的讀者群。

b. 分析主要讀者群的狀況，如他們的年齡、文化程度、工作任務(wù)、性別、國(guó)籍、籍貫，對(duì)建議數(shù)的需要和發(fā)言權(quán)等。

c. 考慮建議報(bào)告作者同讀者之間的諸種關(guān)系，如本業(yè)務(wù)圈里有多少人？圈外人多少？這樣，作者就容易判斷出多少人會(huì)有共同語(yǔ)言，多少人會(huì)難以接受，還應(yīng)對(duì)比作者同讀者在年齡、文化程度、價(jià)值觀和生活及工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)等方面的情況，然后確定從什么角度去寫(xiě)、采用哪些資料、使用什么樣的表達(dá)方式能產(chǎn)生最好的勸說(shuō)效果。

23.3B　可行性報(bào)告

1） 在進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)重大工程建設(shè)、改革或?qū)嶒?yàn)項(xiàng)目之前都需要開(kāi)展可行性研究（Feasibility Study）, 并提出可行性報(bào)告（Feasibility Report），內(nèi)容為研究的結(jié)果和一系列看法和建議。同前面23.3A討論的Proposal比較，兩者的共同點(diǎn)是都涉及工作量、經(jīng)費(fèi)、成果預(yù)測(cè)等，區(qū)別在于：Feasibility Study是由某部門或個(gè)人根據(jù)形勢(shì)需要而安排的一項(xiàng)專題研究，其報(bào)告作為決策的參考，而Proposal可能是某個(gè)人或組織根據(jù)現(xiàn)實(shí)存在的難題提出的分析解決方法，提請(qǐng)有關(guān)部門批準(zhǔn)并可作為商品出售，還有時(shí)幾個(gè)不同的Proposals投標(biāo)，彼此競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，力求有關(guān)部門或個(gè)人采納。

2） 可行性報(bào)告一般包括下述幾項(xiàng)內(nèi)容：

Cover Letter

Title page

Abstract

Table of contents

List of illustrations

Introduction

Discussion

Criteria

Possible solutions

Conclusion / Recommendation

Appendix

3） 可行性報(bào)告寫(xiě)作中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：

a. 從Cover Letter到Introduction的各項(xiàng)以及Appendix都和Proposal中的相應(yīng)項(xiàng)目的寫(xiě)法一致。

b. 由于可行性報(bào)告往往涉及幾種選擇方案，作者必須通過(guò)踏實(shí)的調(diào)查研究深入了解每種選擇，收集每項(xiàng)選擇的有關(guān)資料，并使用一致的參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)去分析和比較各種方案，包括使用圖表和數(shù)據(jù)。例如在一份有關(guān)購(gòu)置一套文字處理設(shè)備的可行性報(bào)告中，作者首先把5種可供考慮的設(shè)想歸納成兩種較佳方案，接著從Advantages, Disadvantages和Summary等3個(gè)方面加以對(duì)照說(shuō)明，然后提出作者的Recommendation，層次分明，瓜熟蒂落。

c. 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，作者不必直接提出自己的結(jié)論和建議，但同時(shí)又要有自己的見(jiàn)解，即通過(guò)調(diào)查研究得出的必然結(jié)論，只是在寫(xiě)作方法上主要是依靠資料對(duì)比和邏輯分析表達(dá)作者的看法，讓讀者作出判斷；如果作者提出建議，注意文字上既要明白曉暢，又要準(zhǔn)確適度，不夸張，不含糊，具有說(shuō)服力（而非誘惑力）。

4） 可行性報(bào)告有一定的格式，下面是從一份可行性報(bào)告中摘出的幾個(gè)部分：

a. Cover Letter

1209 Parrett Street

Richmond, VA 23201

39858

Mr. William Philpot, Headmaster

Third High School

921 Third Avenue

Richmond, VA 23201

Dear Mr. Philpot:

Enclosed is the study I discussed for computerizing certain of the Third High School's office procedures. My recommendation is included.

I will call on Monday to answer questions or arrange a meeting to discuss anything in the report.

Thank you for the opportunity to evaluate the need for a computerized system. It helped me in my school work. I hope it helps you and your committee decide how to make certain office functions easier and more efficient for the staff.

Sincerely

（Signature）

Phyllis Rabb

b. Title page

STUDY TO COMPUTERIZE OFFICE PROCEDURES

PRESENTED TO

THIRD HIGH SCHOOL

728 THIRD AVENUE

RICHMOND，VA 23201

SUBMITTED BY

PHYLLIS RABB

COMPUTER SCIENCE SENIOR

1209 Parrets Street

Richmond, VA23201

39858

c. Abstracts from the text: PP.209－213

STUDY: TO DECIDE IF THIRD HIGH SCHOOL

　　　　SHOULD COMPUTERIZE CERTAIN OFFICE OPERATIONS〖ZK）〗

INTRODUCTION

...

DISCUSSION

...

練習(xí)二十三?。‥xercise Twenty-Three）

I. Preview Questions:

1. Can you tell the three characteristics of technical writing?

2. Can you tell some of the common technical writings?

3. What are the basic contents in a résumé?

4. How do you address the receiver of your letter if you don't know the person's sexual distinction?

5. What does a Proposal refer to in technical writing?

6. Can you tell the difference between Feasibility Study and Feasibility Report?

7. What advantages and troubles have you come across in writing with a computer?

II. Read the following and comment the points stated:

A decade ago it was popular to talk about writing as a linear activity. The writer was seen as someone who first prewrote an outline and some ideas, then wrote a first draft of the whole work, and later rewrote, correcting mistakes and polishing style. People who wrote about composition saw the writer as someone who performed these steps independently and in an orderly manner.

Today the trend is to talk about writing as a process. The writer is still seen engaging in a series of actions to bring about the finished document, but no longer is it thought that the series is sequential or neatly separated and orderly. Instead, writing is perceived as a volatile activity.

Those of you majoring in scientific or technical fields are familiar with processes and thus should find it easy to think of writing in the same way. In doing so, you lower your expectations of learning to write quickly and definitely and accept the idea of writing as a progression — an ongoing series of actions that bring about the end result of writing effectively.

Technical writing is not written for the writer's exclusive pleasure or as a forum for one's private thoughts. Instead, technical writing presents a specific subject to an understood audience that is reading for a particular purpose. The interwoven dependency of subject and audience is one of technical writing's distinguishing characteristics and one reason technical writers must prepare before writing. Rarely is the wholeness of a good technical document achieved by accident, for although no set of rules or formulas guarantees good writing, writing is by no means so mysterious that little can be said about it or learned. Constant reading and conscientious practice will help you make progress and achieve success in this field.

III. Write a memorandum with the following data:

1. The date is December 4, 2000.

2. The memo is from Linda Prater, R. N., Director of Surgery/Emergency Nursing.

3. The memo is to inform Department Heads, Directors of Nursing and Head Nurses that Susan Kern, R. N., is now Head Nurse over Emergency and FlightHelp, and that Janet Sims, R. N., has been appointed as Chief Flight Nurse （Assistant Head Nurse） of FlightHelp and will report to Susan.

4. The memo is signed by Linda Prater and typed by Florak Manson.

IV. Revise the draft of the following résumé of a student:

RESUME

CATHI ANN CRABTREE

300 S. Frederick Street

Evansville, Indiana 47714

Phone: （812） 477－5941

Objective Mechanical engineering design position, preferably with a variety of projects.

Education UNIVERSITY OF EVANSVILLE EVANSVILLE, INDIANA

1992—1998 Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering in May 1986. GPA of 3.14 on 4.0 scale.

President's Scholarship recipient.

Employment

1992—Present FINE & HATFIELD EVANSVILLE, INDIANA Word Processor Operator

1988—1990 REIS MOBILE CATERING SERVICE, INDIANA Waitress, earned 75% of college expenses.

College

Activities Four-year member of Society of Automotive Engineers. Secretary sophomore year. Four-year member of American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Participant in Society of Automotive Engineers' Mini Baja competition in sophomore and senior years.

References Personal references available upon request.

V. Revise the draft of the following application letter.

1264 Washington Street, Apt. A

Evansville, IN 47715

39030

Mr. John Burdette

Personnel Superintendent

SHW Industries Inc., Midwest Division

Denver, CO 80201

Dear Mr. Burdette:

Thank you for interviewing with me at Southwestern University on Tuesday, November 4. I enjoyed talking with you and watching the SHW video presentation. I am impressed with the company and would like to see one of the plants or the corporate headquarters.

During the interview, I mentioned that RD at corporate would be my initial preference. However, I am very flexible and I wanted to add that the small plant setting sounds appealing as well. This is because I enjoy developing good working relationships with plant people I've found I can gain the respect of these folks because I care about their opinions and will listen to their ideas verses just blowing them off because they don't have a “formal” education.

In any case, SHW sounds like a company that works with its people so they are both productive and happy. So I'm confident that if and when I have a opportunity to be employed by SHW, the initial job direction will not make or break my career.

Thanks again for coming to Southwestern and I hope to see you again.

Sincerely,

（signature）

Alan Wolfinger

 

參考答案

EXERCISE TWENTY-THREE

Ⅲ.

MEMORANDUM

TO: Department Heads

　　Directors of Nursing

　　Head Nurses

FROM: Linda Prater, R.N.

　　Director of Surgery/Emergency Nursing

DATE: December 4,2000

Susan Kern, R. N., is now Head Nurse over Emergency and Flight Help.

Janet Sims, R. N., has been appointed as Chief Flight Nurse （Assistant Head Nurse） of FlightHelp and will report to Susan.

Please join with me in congratulating Susan and Janet in their new positions.

LP: fm

Ⅳ.

RESUME

CATHI ANN CRABTREE

300 S. Frederick Street

Evansville, Indiana 47714

Phone: （812）477-5941

Objective Working as a mechanical engineer.

Education University of Evansville　　Evansville, Indiana

1992—1998 Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering in May 1998.

Senior design project with Naval Weapons Support Center, Crane, Indiana;nominated for Most Outstanding 1998 Mechanical Engineering Senior Design Project Award; President's Scholarship recipient.

Employment Fine & Hatfield, Attorneys 　　Evansville, Indiana

1992-Present Word Processor Operator: Lanier One-Step Word Processor； handled confidential information； assisted in training new word processor operators； trusted with securing of entire office building on a weekly basis （consists of possession of keys to main entrance and security alarm system）.

College Mini Baja competition participant;

Activities Society of Automotive Engineers, four-year member, Secretary sophomore year.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, four-year member.

References Personal references available upon request.

Contact: Cathi Ann Crabtree at above address.

V.

1264 Washington Street, Apt.A

Evansville, IN 47715

39030

Mr. John Burdette

Personnel Superintendent

SHW Industries Inc., Midwest Division

Denver, CO 80201

Dear Mr. Burdette:

Thank you for interviewing me at Southwestern University on Tuesday, November 4. I enjoyed talking with you and was impressed by the SHW video presentation.

During the interview, I mentioned that Research and Development at corporate headquarters would be my initial preference. However, I am very flexible and want to add that the small plant setting sounds appealing as well because I enjoy developing good working relationships with plant people. I have found through my co-op experience that because I care about their opinions and will listen to their ideas, I gain their respect.

In any case, SHW sounds like a company that works with its people so they are both productive and happy. I am confident that if and when employed by SHW, whether placed in a headquarters or plant setting, I will learn and be a productive, useful employee.

Thank you for interviewing me at the university. I hope to see you again.

Sincerely,

Alan Wolfinger