特殊句式（強(qiáng)調(diào)、倒裝、省略及其他）考點(diǎn) 省略和替代

考點(diǎn)6 省略和替代

省略和替代這兩種語言現(xiàn)象一般出現(xiàn)在上下文相同的語境中，目的是讓句子言簡意賅，避免重復(fù)。

1. 省略

（1）復(fù)合句的省略

1）狀語從句由although/though, as if, until, once, unless, when, whether, where, while等引導(dǎo)，且同時(shí)具備下列兩個(gè)條件：主句和從句的主語一致，或從句主語為it；從句的主要?jiǎng)釉~是be的某種形式，則從句中的主語和be動(dòng)詞?？墒÷?。

When completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.（=When the museum is completed...）

明年當(dāng)博物館竣工時(shí)，將會(huì)對(duì)公眾開放。

He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if possible.（=... if it is possible.）

如果可能的話，他會(huì)去海邊度假。

2）比較狀語從句中的省略。

I’m taller than he.（=... than he is tall.）我比他高。

The higher the temperature, the greater the pressure.

（=...the temperature is, ... the pressure is.）

溫度越高，壓力越大。

3）某些虛擬語氣的句子可以省略should。虛擬條件句有時(shí)可以省略if，從句使用倒裝。

I suggest that he study more English before going abroad.

（=... that he should study...）

我建議他出國之前學(xué)習(xí)更多英語。

Were I you, I would go with her.

（=If I were you, ...）

如果我是你，我會(huì)和她一起去。

4）賓語從句中的連接詞that和限制性定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞that, which, whom?？墒÷浴?/p>

I think（that）you are wrong. 我認(rèn)為你是錯(cuò)誤的。

She is the woman（who/whom/that）we are talking about.

她就是我們正在談?wù)摰哪俏慌俊?/p>

（2）并列句的省略

為使句子簡潔，在無損句子完整的前提下常省略相同成分。

He often regards English as easy and（he often regards）French as difficult.

他經(jīng)常認(rèn)為英語簡單，法語難。

I could have stayed home, but I didn’t（stay home）.

我原本可以待在家里，但是我沒有。

（3）（簡單句）習(xí)慣省略

1）對(duì)話語境中前后省略。

—How are you? 你好嗎？

—（I’m）Fine. 很好。

2）介詞in, from等在搭配中的省略。

He spends his evening（in）studying Chinese. 他晚上學(xué)習(xí)漢語。

They are busy（in）cleaning the room. 他們正忙著打掃房間。

We could stop them（from）moving the heavy box.

我們可以阻止他們挪動(dòng)這個(gè)笨重的箱子。

類似省略情況還有：

· waste no time（in）doing sth. 趕緊做某事

· succeed（in）doing sth. 成功地做了某事

· have difficulty（in）doing sth. 做某事有困難

· have no trouble（in）doing sth. 做某事很順利

· keep sb.（from）doing sth. 阻止某人做某事

· prevent sb.（from）doing sth. 阻止某人做某事

3）省略不定式符號(hào)to，不定式作動(dòng)詞make/let以及感官動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)要省略to，但變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)不能省略。

The boss made the workers work all day and all night. 老板讓這些工人日夜工作。

The workers were made to work all day and all night. 工人們被迫日夜工作。

4）在密切聯(lián)系的語境中，為避免重復(fù)，作賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式只保留to。

Don’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.

除非老師要求，否則不要碰任何東西。

—Did you invite him to the party? 你邀請(qǐng)他參加聚會(huì)了嗎？

—Yes, I’d tried to, but he refused to. 是的，我竭力邀請(qǐng)他，但是他拒絕了。

2. 替代

替代有三種：名詞性替代，動(dòng)詞性替代和分句性替代。

（1）名詞性替代常用one, it, that, those, the same和人稱代詞或物主代詞。

Mr. Smith gave the text books to all the pupils except the ones who had already taken them.

史密斯老師把課本發(fā)給了所有學(xué)生，除了那些已經(jīng)領(lǐng)到的。

I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have one.

我希望有足夠多的玻璃杯，每個(gè)客人都能有一個(gè)。

I hate it when people talk with their mouth full.

我討厭人們說話時(shí)嘴里含滿食物。

—He was nearly drowned once. 他曾經(jīng)險(xiǎn)些淹死。

—When was that? 什么時(shí)候的事情？

—It was in 1998 when he was in the middle school. 1998年他上中學(xué)的時(shí)候。

The houses of the rich are larger than those of the poor.

富人的房子比窮人的大。

—Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please? 請(qǐng)給我來一杯加糖黑咖啡。

—Give me the same, please. 我也來一杯一樣的。

（2）動(dòng)詞性替代常用do, do so（it, that）等。

—I told him about it. 我告訴他（這個(gè)事情）了。

—Yes, I did, too. 是的，我也和他說了。

He had promised to pay, but failed to do so（it/that）. 他曾答應(yīng)要付錢，但是沒有付。

（3）分句性替代常用so, not。

She hopes he’ll win and I hope so too. 她希望他能贏，我也希望如此。

—Will it rain today? 今天會(huì)下雨嗎？

—I believe not.（=I don’t think so）我想不會(huì)。

（4）關(guān)于替代詞so

so用于替代賓語從句的分句，表示說話者贊同上述情況。適用于這種情況的表示看法、意見等的動(dòng)詞有think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, say, hope, fear, be afraid等。

think so, believe so, except so等變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问接袃煞N途徑：

1）用動(dòng)詞的否定形式。

2）用not代替so。

但be afraid so, fear so, hope so等變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问街挥玫?種方法。

注意

與so有關(guān)的兩個(gè)句型：

① 表示說話者贊同上述事實(shí)：So+主語+連系動(dòng)詞（助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）。

—It was cold yesterday. 昨天挺冷。

—So it was. 的確冷。

② 表示上述情況也適用于另一主語的句型

· 通用句型：so it is（was）with+另一主語。

He is a farmer. So it is with his brother.（= So is his brother）

他是個(gè)農(nóng)民。他的弟弟也是。

· 只用于肯定情況的句型：So+連系動(dòng)詞（助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）+另一主語。

I enjoyed the book and so did my wife.（=So it was with my wife）

我喜歡這本書，我妻子也喜歡。

· 否定情況則使用：Neither（Nor）+連系動(dòng)詞（助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）+另一主語。

She didn’t come. Neither/Nor did her sister.（=So it was with her sister）

她沒有來。她的妹妹也沒來。