演講MP3+雙語文稿:科技如何對抗極端主義和線上騷擾

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【演講人及介紹】Yasmin Green

地緣政治學(xué)家Yasmin Green是Alphabet公司Jigsaw的研發(fā)總監(jiān)，該公司致力于通過技術(shù)解決全球安全挑戰(zhàn)。

【演講主題】科技如何對抗極端主義和線上騷擾

【演講文稿-中英文】

翻譯者 Phyllis Lin 校對 睿哲 王

00:13

My relationship with the internet remindsme of the setup to a clichéd horror movie. You know, the blissfully happyfamily moves in to their perfect new home, excited about their perfect future,and it's sunny outside and the birds are chirping ... And then it gets dark.And there are noises from the attic. And we realize that that perfect new houseisn't so perfect.

我與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的關(guān)系，使我想起恐怖片的老套情節(jié)，幸?？鞓返募彝踢w新居，憧憬著他們美好的未來，窗外陽光明媚，鳥兒嚶嚶成韻... 突然，電影的氣氛變得陰暗起來，閣樓傳來陣陣嘈雜的聲響，我們這才意識(shí)到，那間美好的新房子，其實(shí)問題重重，

00:40

When I started working at Google in 2006,Facebook was just a two-year-old, and Twitter hadn't yet been born. And I wasin absolute awe of the internet and all of its promise to make us closer andsmarter and more free. But as we were doing the inspiring work of buildingsearch engines and video-sharing sites and social networks, criminals,dictators and terrorists were figuring out how to use those same platformsagainst us. And we didn't have the foresight to stop them. Over the last fewyears, geopolitical forces have come online to wreak havoc. And in response,Google supported a few colleagues and me to set up a new group called Jigsaw,with a mandate to make people safer from threats like violent extremism,censorship, persecution -- threats that feel very personal to me because I wasborn in Iran, and I left in the aftermath of a violent revolution. But I'vecome to realize that even if we had all of the resources of all of thetechnology companies in the world, we'd still fail if we overlooked onecritical ingredient: the human experiences of the victims and perpetrators ofthose threats.

2006年，當(dāng)我開始在谷歌工作的時(shí)候，臉書剛剛推出兩年，推特還未問世，我對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和它給予的承諾充滿贊嘆，它承諾讓我們關(guān)系更親密，變得更聰明，并給予我們更多自由，但是當(dāng)我們開始進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)鼓舞人心的工作，開發(fā)搜索引擎，視頻分享和社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)，罪犯，獨(dú)裁者和恐怖分子，也找到了相同的平臺(tái)，來攻擊我們，我們并未預(yù)見到這一點(diǎn)，因而對此毫無抵抗力，過去幾年里，地緣政治勢力開始在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上肆虐，作為反擊，在谷歌的支持下，我和幾位同事成了一個(gè)名叫“Jigsaw”的新組織，我們肩負(fù)重任，去維護(hù)人們的安全，讓大眾免受暴力極端主義，審查制度和迫害的威脅——我對這些威脅深有體會(huì)，因?yàn)槲以谝晾食錾?，在暴力革命的余波中，我離開了伊朗，但我逐漸意識(shí)到，即便我們擁有世界上所有科技公司的資源，我們?nèi)匀粫?huì)失敗，如果我們忽視那個(gè)決定性的因素：帶來這些威脅的犯罪分子和受害群眾背后的經(jīng)歷，

02:04

There are many challenges I could talk toyou about today. I'm going to focus on just two. The first is terrorism. So inorder to understand the radicalization process, we met with dozens of formermembers of violent extremist groups. One was a British schoolgirl, who had beentaken off of a plane at London Heathrow as she was trying to make her way toSyria to join ISIS. And she was 13 years old. So I sat down with her and herfather, and I said, "Why?" And she said, "I was looking atpictures of what life is like in Syria, and I thought I was going to go andlive in the Islamic Disney World." That's what she saw in ISIS. Shethought she'd meet and marry a jihadi Brad Pitt and go shopping in the mall allday and live happily ever after.

我今天可以和各位談很多我們所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，不過我打算只著重于兩點(diǎn)，其一是恐怖主義，為了了解那種激進(jìn)的過程，我們同數(shù)十名暴力極端主義的前成員進(jìn)行了接觸，其中有一位英國的女學(xué)生，在倫敦希思羅機(jī)場，被迫下飛機(jī)，因?yàn)樗蛩愕綌⒗麃喖尤隝SIS組織，當(dāng)時(shí)她只有13歲，我同她和她父親坐下來談話，我問到：“你為什么要這么做？”她說：“我看到了敘利亞的生活寫照，我以為我會(huì)住進(jìn)伊斯蘭的迪斯尼樂園?！边@是她所看到ISIS組織，她覺得，她會(huì)邂逅并嫁給圣戰(zhàn)分子中的布拉德·皮特，整天在商場購物，從此過上幸?？鞓返纳?。

03:02

ISIS understands what drives people, andthey carefully craft a message for each audience. Just look at how manylanguages they translate their marketing material into. They make pamphlets,radio shows and videos in not just English and Arabic, but German, Russian,French, Turkish, Kurdish, Hebrew, Mandarin Chinese. I've even seen anISIS-produced video in sign language. Just think about that for a second: ISIStook the time and made the effort to ensure their message is reaching the deafand hard of hearing. It's actually not tech-savviness that is the reason whyISIS wins hearts and minds. It's their insight into the prejudices, thevulnerabilities, the desires of the people they're trying to reach that doesthat. That's why it's not enough for the online platforms to focus on removingrecruiting material. If we want to have a shot at building meaningfultechnology that's going to counter radicalization, we have to start with thehuman journey at its core.

ISIS組織對于駕馭人心了如指掌，他們?yōu)槊恳晃获雎犝呔牟邉澚艘獋鬟f的信息，光看他們的營銷材料被譯成了多少種語言，便能一目了然，他們還制作小冊子，廣播節(jié)目和影片，不但有英語和阿拉伯語，還有德語，俄語，法語，土耳其語，庫爾德語，希伯來語和漢語，我甚至看到了ISIS組織制作的手語視頻，想想吧，ISIS組織耗費(fèi)了這么多時(shí)間和精力，做出種種行為以確保他們的信息能夠傳達(dá)給殘障人士，其實(shí)ISIS組織贏得人心與信賴，并非因?yàn)樗麄兙萍?，事?shí)上，他們洞悉力很強(qiáng)，深知他們試圖接觸的人所擁有的偏見，脆弱和欲望，因此才能實(shí)現(xiàn)其目的，這就為什么對網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)來說，把焦點(diǎn)放在移除他們的招募材料上是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，如果我們想要嘗試建立有意義的技術(shù)，用以打擊激進(jìn)主義，我們就必須從人心著手。

04:13

So we went to Iraq to speak to young menwho'd bought into ISIS's promise of heroism and righteousness, who'd taken uparms to fight for them and then who'd defected after they witnessed thebrutality of ISIS's rule. And I'm sitting there in this makeshift prison in thenorth of Iraq with this 23-year-old who had actually trained as a suicidebomber before defecting. And he says, "I arrived in Syria full of hope,and immediately, I had two of my prized possessions confiscated: my passportand my mobile phone." The symbols of his physical and digital liberty weretaken away from him on arrival. And then this is the way he described thatmoment of loss to me. He said, "You know in 'Tom and Jerry,' when Jerrywants to escape, and then Tom locks the door and swallows the key and you seeit bulging out of his throat as it travels down?" And of course, I reallycould see the image that he was describing, and I really did connect with thefeeling that he was trying to convey, which was one of doom, when you knowthere's no way out.

因此，我們?nèi)チ艘晾耍湍贻p人交談，他們深信ISIS組織關(guān)于英勇與正義的承諾，曾為ISIS組織斗爭，接著，他們在目睹ISIS組織統(tǒng)治的殘忍無情后，選擇變節(jié)，在伊拉克北部的臨時(shí)監(jiān)獄中，我面見了一位年僅23歲，在變節(jié)前受過自殺式炸彈訓(xùn)練的年輕人，他說，“我滿懷希望來到敘利亞，但馬上，我被沒收了兩項(xiàng)最重要的東西：我的護(hù)照和手機(jī)。”從他到達(dá)敘利亞的那刻，象征他人身自由和電子自由的東西，就被剝奪了，接著，他向我描述了那個(gè)迷失的時(shí)刻，他說，“在《貓和老鼠》中，當(dāng)杰瑞想要逃脫時(shí)，湯姆總是鎖上門，并吞下鑰匙，還可以從外觀看出鑰匙沿著湯姆的喉嚨下滑，記得嗎？當(dāng)然，我完全想象得到他所描繪的那種畫面，也完全能體會(huì)到他想要傳達(dá)的感受，一種在劫難逃的感覺，當(dāng)你知道無路可走了。

05:26

And I was wondering: What, if anything,could have changed his mind the day that he left home? So I asked, "If youknew everything that you know now about the suffering and the corruption, thebrutality -- that day you left home, would you still have gone?" And hesaid, "Yes." And I thought, "Holy crap, he said 'Yes.'" Andthen he said, "At that point, I was so brainwashed, I wasn't taking in anycontradictory information. I couldn't have been swayed."

我很納悶：在他離開家的那天，是否有任何東西有可能改變他的想法？所以我問：“如果你當(dāng)時(shí)知曉現(xiàn)在面臨的苦難，腐敗和殘酷的狀況——在你離開家的那天就知道，你還會(huì)選擇離開嗎？“他說：“會(huì)的?！拔倚南耄骸拔业奶彀?，他盡然說‘會(huì)’?！苯又f：“我那時(shí)被完全洗腦了，沒有接受任何與之矛盾的信息，沒人能動(dòng)搖我的決心?！?/p>

05:59

"Well, what if you knew everythingthat you know now six months before the day that you left?"

“好吧，如果在你離開的六個(gè)月前，就已知道現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事情呢？”

06:05

"At that point, I think it probablywould have changed my mind."

“我想那時(shí)我可能會(huì)改變心意。”

06:10

Radicalization isn't this yes-or-no choice.It's a process, during which people have questions -- about ideology, religion,the living conditions. And they're coming online for answers, which is anopportunity to reach them. And there are videos online from people who haveanswers -- defectors, for example, telling the story of their journey into andout of violence; stories like the one from that man I met in the Iraqi prison.There are locals who've uploaded cell phone footage of what life is really likein the caliphate under ISIS's rule. There are clerics who are sharing peacefulinterpretations of Islam. But you know what? These people don't generally havethe marketing prowess of ISIS. They risk their lives to speak up and confrontterrorist propaganda, and then they tragically don't reach the people who mostneed to hear from them. And we wanted to see if technology could change that.

極端激進(jìn)并不是一道選擇題，它是人充滿疑惑時(shí)的一個(gè)過程，關(guān)于思想意識(shí)，宗教信仰，和生活條件，人們會(huì)在網(wǎng)上尋求答案，這就為我們提供了接觸他們的機(jī)會(huì)，有答案的人在網(wǎng)上提供影片——比如，叛逃者講述他們投入和擺脫暴力的心路歷程； 就像伊拉克監(jiān)獄那名男子的故事，有當(dāng)?shù)厝藭?huì)上傳手機(jī)影片，呈現(xiàn)在ISIS組織統(tǒng)治下，穆斯林的生活狀態(tài)，有教會(huì)圣職人士分享關(guān)于伊斯蘭教的和平詮釋，但你們知道嗎？這些人通常并不具備ISIS組織那樣高超的營銷本領(lǐng)，他們冒著生命危險(xiǎn)，與恐怖主義宣傳對質(zhì)，不幸的是，他們無法接觸到最需要聽到他們聲音的人，我們想試試看，科技是否能夠改變這一點(diǎn)。

07:06

So in 2016, we partnered with Moonshot CVEto pilot a new approach to countering radicalization called the "RedirectMethod." It uses the power of online advertising to bridge the gap betweenthose susceptible to ISIS's messaging and those credible voices that aredebunking that messaging. And it works like this: someone looking for extremistmaterial -- say they search for "How do I join ISIS?" -- will see anad appear that invites them to watch a YouTube video of a cleric, of a defector-- someone who has an authentic answer. And that targeting is based not on aprofile of who they are, but of determining something that's directly relevantto their query or question.

所以在2016年，我們與 Moonshot CVE合作，試著采用新方案打擊激進(jìn)主義，該方法名叫“重新定向法?！彼镁€上廣告的力量，在搖擺的人們和 ISIS組織的信息之間搭建橋梁，那些可靠的聲音揭露了大量信息的真面目，它是這樣運(yùn)作的：當(dāng)有人在尋找極端主義的材料——比如，搜索 “我如何能加入ISIS組織？”—— 就會(huì)看見一則廣告出現(xiàn)，邀請他們觀看圣職人士和變節(jié)人員在Youtube網(wǎng)站上的視頻——那些擁有真實(shí)答案的人的心聲，這個(gè)方法鎖定目標(biāo)的方式，不是依據(jù)他們的個(gè)人資料，而是由與詢問和質(zhì)疑直接相關(guān)的經(jīng)歷來決定。

07:54

During our eight-week pilot in English andArabic, we reached over 300,000 people who had expressed an interest in orsympathy towards a jihadi group. These people were now watching videos thatcould prevent them from making devastating choices. And because violentextremism isn't confined to any one language, religion or ideology, theRedirect Method is now being deployed globally to protect people being courtedonline by violent ideologues, whether they're Islamists, white supremacists orother violent extremists, with the goal of giving them the chance to hear fromsomeone on the other side of that journey; to give them the chance to choose adifferent path.

在用英語和阿拉伯語進(jìn)行的八周試驗(yàn)中，我們接觸了超過30萬對圣戰(zhàn)組織表現(xiàn)出興趣或者同情的人，這些人現(xiàn)在觀看的影片，能預(yù)防他們做出毀滅性的選擇，因?yàn)楸┝O端主義并不局限于任何一種語言，宗教和思想，“重新定向法”現(xiàn)已在全球?qū)嵤?，保護(hù)大家上網(wǎng)時(shí)不被暴力的意識(shí)形態(tài)誘惑，不論是伊斯蘭教，白人至上主義或者其他暴力極端主義，我們的目標(biāo)是給他們機(jī)會(huì)，去聆聽那些旅程另一端的人怎么說；幫助他們?nèi)ミx擇不一樣的人生道路，

08:40

It turns out that often the bad guys aregood at exploiting the internet, not because they're some kind of technologicalgeniuses, but because they understand what makes people tick. I want to giveyou a second example: online harassment. Online harassers also work to figureout what will resonate with another human being. But not to recruit them likeISIS does, but to cause them pain. Imagine this: you're a woman, you'remarried, you have a kid. You post something on social media, and in a reply,you're told that you'll be raped, that your son will be watching, details ofwhen and where. In fact, your home address is put online for everyone to see.That feels like a pretty real threat. Do you think you'd go home? Do you thinkyou'd continue doing the thing that you were doing? Would you continue doingthat thing that's irritating your attacker?

結(jié)果表明，惡人通常擅長利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并不是因?yàn)樗麄兪强萍继觳?，而是因?yàn)樗麄兝斫馐裁茨芤俗⒁?，我再舉個(gè)例子：網(wǎng)絡(luò)騷擾，網(wǎng)絡(luò)騷擾者也致力于發(fā)掘能夠與他人引起共鳴的事物，但他們的目的不是像ISIS組織一樣招募人，而是給他人帶來痛苦，想象一下這個(gè)狀況：你是個(gè)女人，已婚，有一個(gè)孩子，你在社交媒體上發(fā)表了一篇文章，在評論中，有人說你會(huì)被強(qiáng)暴，你的兒子會(huì)在何時(shí)何地被監(jiān)視，事實(shí)上，所有人都能在網(wǎng)上搜索到你的家庭地址，那種威脅的感覺十分真實(shí)，你覺得你還會(huì)回家嗎？你覺得你會(huì)對此無動(dòng)于衷嗎？你會(huì)繼續(xù)做惹惱了攻擊你的人的那件事嗎？

09:48

Online abuse has been this perverse art offiguring out what makes people angry, what makes people afraid, what makespeople insecure, and then pushing those pressure points until they're silenced.When online harassment goes unchecked, free speech is stifled. And even thepeople hosting the conversation throw up their arms and call it quits, closingtheir comment sections and their forums altogether. That means we're actuallylosing spaces online to meet and exchange ideas. And where online spacesremain, we descend into echo chambers with people who think just like us. Butthat enables the spread of disinformation; that facilitates polarization. Whatif technology instead could enable empathy at scale?

網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺凌已經(jīng)變成了一種變態(tài)的藝術(shù)，發(fā)掘讓人憤怒，讓人害怕，讓人們失去安全感的事物，然后給他們施壓，直至他們永遠(yuǎn)保持沉默，當(dāng)線上騷擾者肆意妄為時(shí)，言論自由就會(huì)被扼殺，即使是主持對話的人，也舉手投降并宣布到此為止，把他們的留言區(qū)以及論壇全部關(guān)閉，這意味著我們其實(shí)失去了在網(wǎng)上讓思想碰撞與交流的空間，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)剩下的空間里，我們被困在了“回音室”，只和想法一致的人聚在一起，但那會(huì)導(dǎo)致虛假信息的傳播；這會(huì)更加促成兩極分化，反之，如果能用科技產(chǎn)生大量共鳴呢？

10:40

This was the question that motivated ourpartnership with Google's Counter Abuse team, Wikipedia and newspapers like theNew York Times. We wanted to see if we could build machine-learning models thatcould understand the emotional impact of language. Could we predict whichcomments were likely to make someone else leave the online conversation? Andthat's no mean feat. That's no trivial accomplishment for AI to be able to dosomething like that. I mean, just consider these two examples of messages thatcould have been sent to me last week. "Break a leg at TED!" ... and"I'll break your legs at TED."

這驅(qū)使我們與谷歌反虐待小組，維基百科，和《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》這類報(bào)刊合作，我們想要看看是否可以獲悉機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的模型來理解語言所造成的情感影響，我們能否推測一下，什么樣的評論最可能讓人逃離網(wǎng)絡(luò)聊天？ 這個(gè)問題很難回答，對人工智能來說，能完成這些并非理所當(dāng)然，想想這兩個(gè)例子，我上周可能收到的信息，“祝TED演講順利！”以及 “我會(huì)在TED現(xiàn)場打斷你的腿。”

11:20

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

11:22

You are human, that's why that's an obviousdifference to you, even though the words are pretty much the same. But for AI,it takes some training to teach the models to recognize that difference. Thebeauty of building AI that can tell the difference is that AI can then scale tothe size of the online toxicity phenomenon, and that was our goal in buildingour technology called Perspective. With the help of Perspective, the New YorkTimes, for example, has increased spaces online for conversation. Before ourcollaboration, they only had comments enabled on just 10 percent of theirarticles. With the help of machine learning, they have that number up to 30percent. So they've tripled it, and we're still just getting started.

你們是人，所以能夠明顯感受到兩句話意思的不同，即使字句基本一致，但對于人工智能來說，要對模型進(jìn)行一定的訓(xùn)練，才能辨析那些不同之處，創(chuàng)建能分辨差異的人工智能，其美妙之處在于，人工智能可以大規(guī)模防治網(wǎng)絡(luò)毒害現(xiàn)象，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，我們打造了名叫“觀點(diǎn)”的技術(shù)，在“觀點(diǎn)”的幫助下，以《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》為例，他們增加了線上討論的空間，在與我們合作前，他們的文章只有約10%的開放評論，在機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的協(xié)助下，這個(gè)數(shù)字增加到了30%，漲了兩倍，這項(xiàng)合作才剛剛開始而已，

12:04

But this is about way more than just makingmoderators more efficient. Right now I can see you, and I can gauge how whatI'm saying is landing with you. You don't have that opportunity online. Imagineif machine learning could give commenters, as they're typing, real-timefeedback about how their words might land, just like facial expressions do in aface-to-face conversation. Machine learning isn't perfect, and it still makes plentyof mistakes. But if we can build technology that understands the emotionalimpact of language, we can build empathy. That means that we can have dialoguebetween people with different politics, different worldviews, different values.And we can reinvigorate the spaces online that most of us have given up on.

但這絕不僅僅是讓版主更有效率而已，現(xiàn)在，我可以看見你們，我可以估量我的用詞將對你們產(chǎn)生怎樣的影響，線上并沒有這樣的機(jī)會(huì)，想象一下，在網(wǎng)友打字的時(shí)候，如果機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)能夠?qū)λ麄兊脑捳Z可能造成的影響提供即時(shí)的反饋，會(huì)如何，就像面對面交談時(shí)的臉部表情，機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)并不完美，它仍然會(huì)犯許多的錯(cuò)誤，但如果我們能夠打造理解語言中的情感影響力的技術(shù)，我們就能建立更多的同理心，那就意味著，我們可以讓兩人進(jìn)行對話，即使他們所屬的政治體系不同，世界觀不同，價(jià)值觀不同，我們可以讓大多數(shù)人已經(jīng)放棄的網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間得到復(fù)蘇，

12:57

When people use technology to exploit andharm others, they're preying on our human fears and vulnerabilities. If we everthought that we could build an internet insulated from the dark side ofhumanity, we were wrong. If we want today to build technology that can overcomethe challenges that we face, we have to throw our entire selves intounderstanding the issues and into building solutions that are as human as theproblems they aim to solve. Let's make that happen.

當(dāng)人們利用科技剝削和傷害他人時(shí)，他們靠著人類的恐懼與脆弱，肆意掠奪，如果我們想當(dāng)然，認(rèn)為能夠建立一個(gè)和人性陰暗面絕緣的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，那就大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了，現(xiàn)如今，如果我們想要發(fā)展能夠克服當(dāng)前所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)的科技，就必須全身心投入，深刻理解問題，進(jìn)而找到解決方法，來克服人類自身的種種問題，讓我們一起實(shí)現(xiàn)它吧，

13:31

Thank you.

謝謝大家！

13:33

(Applause)

(掌聲)