閱讀判斷分析 實戰(zhàn)演練 二

（二）Winners and Losers

Why are the biggest winners in the past decade of trade globalization mostly in South and East Asia, whereas the biggest losers are mostly in the former Soviet bloc (集團) and sub-Saharan Africa? History is a partial guide: East Asia has a long trading tradition, lately reinvigorated (給以新的活力) by the Chinese adoption of market economics. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, was sheltered from free-market forces for more than 70 years. In Africa, some countries are disadvantaged because of inadequate infrastructure (基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)); many countries have little to trade but commodities, the prices of which have fallen in recent years.

In some regions, certain countries have suffered by adopting misguided policies, often under pressure from International Monetary Fund. First among these is Russia, which in the early 1990s tried to embrace capitalism before first building the institutions that make capitalism work, such as an independent bank system, a system of business law, and all adequate methods for collecting taxes. Encouraged by the IMF, the World Bank and the US Department of the Treasury, President Boris Yeltsin's regime privatized the state-owned industrial sector, creating a class of oligarchs (寡頭政治集團成員), who, knowing how unstable conditions were at home, sent their money abroad instead of investing it at home.

In contrast, China, the biggest winner from globalization, did not follow the IMF formula. Of the former states of the Soviet bloc, only a few, notably Poland and Hungary, managed to grow, which they did by ignoring IMF advice and adopting expansionary plans, including spending more than they collected in taxes. Botswana and Uganda are also Success stories: despite their disadvantages, their countries achieved vigorous growth by creating stable civil societies, liberalizing trade and implementing reforms that ran counter to IMF prescriptions.

1. Japan has a long trading tradition.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

2. Russia was wrongly guided by the IMF.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

3. All African countries followed the IMF formula.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

4. The Soviet Union was a capitalist country.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

5. Australia is one of the biggest winners from globalization.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

6. China did not take IMF advice.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

7. Many high officials in Russia have much benefited from privatization.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

［答案解析］

1．A。［解析］題干大意：日本具有悠久的貿(mào)易歷史。這道題的依據(jù)是第一段中的一句話：East Asia has a long trading tradition. 日本是東亞國家，因而具有悠久的貿(mào)易歷史。

2．A。［解析］題干大意：俄羅斯被國際貨幣基金組織誤導(dǎo)了。本題的依據(jù)可以在第二段的開頭找到：In some regions, certain countries have suffered by adopting misguided policies, often under pressure from International Monetary Fund. First among these is Russia... 有些國家在國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）的強制下而采取了錯誤的政策，因而深受其害，俄羅斯就是這些國家中的一個。題干大意與原文是一致的，故答案選A。

3．B。［解析］題干大意：所有非洲國家都采納了國際貨幣基金組織的方案。在文章最后一段最后一句提到：Botswana and Uganda are also success stories: despite their disadvantages, their countries achieved vigorous growth by creating stable civil societies, liberalizing trade and implementing reforms that ran counter to IMF prescriptions. 一些國家因為沒有采納IMF的方案而獲得成功，其中提到兩個非洲國家Botswana和Uganda，因而說所有非洲國家都采納了IMF的方案是不對的，故答案為B。

4．B。［解析］題干大意：蘇聯(lián)是個資本主義國家。原文第一段里有句話：The Soviet Union, on the other hand, was sheltered from free-market forces for more than 70 years. 70多年不搞市場經(jīng)濟的國家自然不會是資本主義國家。根據(jù)常識也知道蘇聯(lián)是社會主義國家。故答案為B。

5．C。［解析］題干大意：澳大利亞是從全球化中受益最多的國家之一。原文中沒有提到任何有關(guān)澳大利亞的信息。故答案為C。

6．A。［解析］題干大意：中國沒有采納國際貨幣基金組織的建議。本題的依據(jù)是文章最后一段的第一句話：...China, the biggest winner from globalization, did not follow the IMF formula. 故答案為A。

7．C。［解析］題干大意：俄羅斯高官從私有化中受益頗多。在第二段的末尾提到：Encouraged by the IMF, the World Bank and the U. S. Department of the Treasury, President Boris Yeltsin's regime privatized the state-owned industrial sector, creating a class of oligarchs (寡頭政治集團成員), who, knowing how unstable conditions were at home, sent their money abroad instead of investing it at home. 提到了蘇聯(lián)搞私有化的事，但沒有說有高官在私有化過程中受益，故答案為C。