幾種做句子成分的情況
1.不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語的區(qū)別
(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰時(shí)刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))
(2)不定式做主語，一般用it當(dāng)形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別
(1)不定式作表語
不定式作表語一般表示具體動(dòng)作，特別是表示將來的動(dòng)作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.一次做兩件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。
如果主語是不定式(表示條件)，表語也是不定式(表示結(jié)果)。
To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。
(2)動(dòng)名詞作表語：動(dòng)名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。
Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。
(3)分詞作表語
分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤?。
nteresting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動(dòng)的--excited感到激動(dòng)的
puzzling令人費(fèi)解的--puzzled感到費(fèi)解的
satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的
旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。Travelling is interesting but tiring.
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.聽到這個(gè)消息，他們非常激動(dòng)。
3.不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語的區(qū)別
begin開始 determine決定 manage設(shè)法 agree同意 love 喜歡 fail不能 plan計(jì)劃
(1)有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語
acknowledge承認(rèn)，admit 承認(rèn) dislike不喜歡，討厭 advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成
appreciate 感激，欣賞 avoid避免 enjoy享有，喜愛 delay延遲 escape逃跑，逃避 deny否認(rèn)
consider 考慮 fancy幻想，愛好 mind 介意 miss錯(cuò)過 finish完成，結(jié)束不得 resist抵抗，阻止 imagine設(shè)想 postpone延遲，延期 practise 實(shí)行，實(shí)踐 suggest建議 prevent阻止
keep保持 quit放棄停止 loathe非常討厭，厭惡 recall回想
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
我很感激兩年前給我出國學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。
(2)有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的差別
forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)
stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事
remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)
remember doing記得做過某事(已做)
regret to do對要做的事遺憾
regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔
try to do努力、企圖做某事
try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法
mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味著
need, want, deserve +動(dòng)名詞表被動(dòng)意義;+不定式被動(dòng)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎?
You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要記著是明天動(dòng)身。
I regret to have to do this， but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒辦法。
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
Let's try doing the work some other way.讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。
4.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房間是我們的教室。
The book writen by professor Smith is very popular in China now. 由史密斯教授寫的那本書在中國非常受歡迎
I have find my watch lost.
5.不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。
(2)過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
6.非謂語動(dòng)詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)
(1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。
When to start has not been decided.何時(shí)動(dòng)身尚未決定。(主語)
I don't know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)
The difficulty was how to cross the river.困難在于如何過河。(表語)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。(雙重賓語)
(2)不帶to的不定式
在表示生理感覺的動(dòng)詞后的不定式不帶to。
這類詞有： feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到 watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知 notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
另一類是某些使役動(dòng)詞，如make, let，have等。
Let him do it.讓他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想讓你知道我病了。
上述感覺動(dòng)詞與使役動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí).其后的不定式一般需帶to，
He was seen to come. The boy was made to go to bed early.
在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。
例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。
但是，如果謂語動(dòng)詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別的辦法。
7.非謂語動(dòng)詞中的有關(guān)句型
動(dòng)名詞作主語的句型
1)It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭沒有用。
It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。
It is a great fun playing football.打籃球很有趣。
2) It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth.
It is useless speaking.光說沒用。
It is nice seeing you again.真高興又遇到了你。
It is good playing chess after supper.晚飯后弈棋挺好。
