被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)概述

　　語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)共有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，只有需要?jiǎng)幼鲗?duì)象的及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。漢語(yǔ)往往用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。如：

　　They didn’t offer Ann the job. (主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

　　Ann wasn’t offered the job. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

　　安沒(méi)得到這份工作。

　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成

　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)變化只改變be的形式，過(guò)去分詞部分不變。疑問(wèn)式和否定式的變化也如此。

　　1、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)較常見的八種形式

　　現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞clean為例列表說(shuō)明

　　三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法：

　　1、不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。

　　The old bridge was built many years ago. 這座古橋是許多年前建造的。

　　He was elected chairman.他被選為主席。

　　2、強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者。

　　動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者由by引導(dǎo)置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，也可省略。

　　Your plan is considered to be the best. 你的計(jì)劃被認(rèn)為是最好的。

　　3、動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是無(wú)生命的事物。

　　The window was blown by wind.窗戶被風(fēng)吹開了。

　　The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整個(gè)村莊都被洪水沖走了。

　　4. 避免更換主語(yǔ)，如：

　　Once a promise is made, it shouldn’t be broken. 諾言一旦許下，就不能違背。

　　Mothers love their children and children are sure to love their mothers.

　　母親愛孩子，孩子當(dāng)然也愛母親了。

　　5. 使句子保持平衡，如：

　　The lecture will be made by Joe Smith, who is a young artist from the States.

　　喬·史密斯將來(lái)做報(bào)告，他是一位年輕的美國(guó)藝術(shù)家。

　　(Joe Smith有一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，所以后置)

　　四、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　轉(zhuǎn)換圖示：

　　1、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的步驟：

　　(1)將主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，如果主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)是代詞，需變?yōu)橹鞲?。如?/p>

　　(2)將動(dòng)詞改為“be+過(guò)去分詞”，be與新主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)一致，時(shí)態(tài)不變。

　　(3)將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)前加by放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后，如果原主語(yǔ)是代詞，要變?yōu)橘e格。

　　They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held(by them)yesterday.

　　他們昨天開會(huì)了。 昨天舉行了一個(gè)會(huì)議。

　　They won’t forgive me. → I won’t be forgiven by them.

　　他們不會(huì)原諒我的。 我不會(huì)被他們?cè)彽摹?/p>

　　2、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng)：

　　(1)主動(dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人們”、“大家”等，

　　變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，通常刪去“by…”，除非強(qiáng)調(diào)原主語(yǔ)。如：

　　They set up this hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in 1975.

　　這所醫(yī)院建于1975年。

　　Only he can finish the job. 只有他能完成這項(xiàng)工作。→

　　The job can be finished only by him.這項(xiàng)工作只能由他來(lái)完成。

　　(2)含有雙賓語(yǔ)，即直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的句子，每個(gè)賓語(yǔ)都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，即其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　有兩種形式。但多以間接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。

　　Jack told us the truth.杰克告訴了我們真相。

　　We were told the truth by Jack.

　　The truth was told (to) us by Jack.

　　(3)含有賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子，變成被動(dòng)句后原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)了;

　　注意：不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，變成被動(dòng)時(shí)要加上to。

　　I heart Emily sing the song just now.

　　→ Emily was heard to sing the song just now.

　　我剛才聽見艾米莉唱這首歌了。

　　(4)含有賓語(yǔ)從句的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句，通常用it作為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語(yǔ)，把賓語(yǔ)從句后置。

　　We have determined that the plan should be carried out soon.

　　It has been determined that the plan should be carried out soon.

　　我們決定這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃必須馬上實(shí)施。

　　(5)雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：

　　當(dāng)某人或物成為兩次動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，要用雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

　　Parents often ask their children to do too much homework.

　　The children are often asked to do too much homework.

　　Too much homework is often asked to be done by the children.

　　五、各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)舉例(以動(dòng)詞do為例)

　　1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(am/ is/ are +done)

　　The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 學(xué)生們每天都打掃教室。

　　2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)(was/ were +done)

　　My bike was stolen last night. 我的自行車昨天被偷了。

　　When was the book introduced to China? 這本書什么時(shí)候引入中國(guó)的?

　　3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)與過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)

　　A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一個(gè)演講。

　　I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我認(rèn)為將有數(shù)千人得到幫助。

　　4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)

　　The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天這時(shí)，機(jī)器正在被修理。

　　The problem is being discussed now. 問(wèn)題正在被討論。

　　A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一輛公共汽車。

　　5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/ has been + done)

　　Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到現(xiàn)在為止，已經(jīng)種了二百棵樹了。

　　The book has been read many times by me. 這本書已經(jīng)被我讀了許多遍了。

　　Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict.

　　在沖突中已經(jīng)有幾名士兵被殺害。

　　6.過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had been+done)

　　They said they had been invited to the party. 他們說(shuō)已經(jīng)被邀請(qǐng)參加晚會(huì)了。

　　She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她發(fā)現(xiàn)房子已經(jīng)被暴風(fēng)雨摧毀。

　　He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died.

　　他在去世前已經(jīng)被疾病折磨很多年了。

　　六、高頻考點(diǎn)：

　　1. 動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)之意

　　1)某些連系動(dòng)詞，如：look, feel, smell，sound, prove等。

　　The flower smells sweet.這花聞起來(lái)很香。

　　Maria proves very patient and warm-hearted. 瑪麗亞被證明很耐心、很熱心。

　　2)表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在“品質(zhì)”或“性能”的某些動(dòng)詞，雖然可以是及物動(dòng)詞，但這時(shí)用作不及物動(dòng)詞，

　　如：lock, shut, close, open, move, read, write, sell, wash, clean, draw, cut,

　　translate, burn, run, ride, begin, end, operate等。

　　The sentences translate hard. 這些句子很難譯。

　　The door won’t shut. 這個(gè)門關(guān)不上。

　　3)某些動(dòng)詞用在句型“主+謂+主補(bǔ)”時(shí)，如wear，blow，prove等。

　　The door blew open. 門被吹開了。

　　2. 不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞

　　有些動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如happen，cost，take，have (有)，own，possess, want (缺乏)。

　　An accident happened yesterday. 昨天發(fā)生了一起事故。

　　One should possess courage, determination and wisdom. 人要擁有勇氣、決心和智慧。

　　3. “動(dòng)詞+反身代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)與“be+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)

　　注意下面短語(yǔ)：

　　devote oneself to (獻(xiàn)身于) seat oneself (就坐) dress oneself (穿衣),

　　amuse oneself (自?shī)首詷?lè)) lose oneself (迷路) prepare oneself for (做好心理準(zhǔn)備),

　　concern oneself about (擔(dān)心)

　　這些短語(yǔ)經(jīng)常用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示主動(dòng)意義。

　　They were seated in the front of the hall. 他們?cè)诖髲d前部就坐。

　　He was concerned about his work. 他擔(dān)心他的工作。

　　All my students are well prepared for the test. 我的學(xué)生都為考試做好了準(zhǔn)備。

　　His mother is dressed in white at the party. 他的媽媽在宴會(huì)上穿著白色衣服。

　　4. be done與get done

　　1)現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)特別是口語(yǔ)中常用“get + 過(guò)去分詞”表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　2)“get + 過(guò)去分詞”只表示動(dòng)作，而“be+過(guò)去分詞”既可表動(dòng)作，也可表狀態(tài)。

　　They have been married for ages. 他們結(jié)婚多年了。(不能用get married)

　　They got married last month. 他們上個(gè)月結(jié)婚了。

　　3)經(jīng)過(guò)安排、考慮的動(dòng)作用“be+過(guò)去分詞”;出乎意料時(shí)用“get+過(guò)去分詞”。

　　How did the painting get damaged? 這幅畫什么時(shí)候被損壞的?

　　4)“be+過(guò)去分詞”是單純的被動(dòng)意義，而“get+過(guò)去分詞”可以暗示主語(yǔ)對(duì)動(dòng)作的發(fā)生有一定的責(zé)

　　任，含有某種主動(dòng)意味。

　　His team got beaten again though they had tried their best.

　　雖然他們盡了全力，他的隊(duì)還是輸了。

　　5. 幾個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用習(xí)慣用法：

　　We’re determined to set up an eco-laboratory. 我們決定建立一個(gè)生態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

　　My time was occupied with children. 我的時(shí)間都用在了孩子們身上。

　　I’m very interested in fine arts. 我對(duì)美術(shù)非常感興趣。

　　Where was your grandfather born? 你祖父的出生地是哪里?

　　I was graduated from that university ten years ago. 我十年前從那所大學(xué)畢業(yè)。

　　My hometown is situated in the south of China. 我的家鄉(xiāng)在中國(guó)南部。

　　6.It is said/ reported/believed, etc. + 從句的變化：

　　“It is said/ reported/believed, etc. + 從句”表示據(jù)說(shuō)/據(jù)報(bào)道/據(jù)信......，此句型可以變成從句主語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)的句型：sb. +be said/ reported/believed, etc. +不定式。如果原來(lái)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，不定式用完成式;如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作是經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或還沒(méi)有完成，用不定式的一般式。

　　It is said that James is an expert on DNA. = James is said to be an expert on DNA.

　　人們說(shuō)詹姆斯是個(gè)DNA專家。

　　It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. =

　　The boy is said to have passed the national exam.

　　據(jù)說(shuō)這個(gè)男孩已經(jīng)通過(guò)了這次全國(guó)性的測(cè)試。