達(dá)爾文的祖先是何許人也

　　The father of evolution Charles Darwin was a direct descendant ofthe Cro-Magnon people, whose entry into Europe 30,000 years agoheralded the demise of Neanderthals, scientists revealed in Australia Thursday。

　　科學(xué)家于本周四在澳大利亞揭秘：進(jìn)化論之父查爾斯 達(dá)爾文是(舊石器時(shí)代)克魯馬努人的直系后代?？唆旕R努人于3萬年前遷徙至歐洲，他們的進(jìn)入標(biāo)志著尼安德特人的消亡。

　　Darwin, who hypothesised that all humans evolved from common ancestors in his seminal 1859 work "On the Origin of Species", came from Haplogroup R1b, one of the most common European male lineages, said genealogist Spencer Wells。

　　據(jù)系譜學(xué)家斯賓塞 威爾斯介紹，達(dá)爾文是歐洲最常見的父系之一、單倍群R1b種族的后裔。達(dá)爾文在1859年出版的著名進(jìn)化論著作《物種起源》中提出了“所有人類都是由共同祖先進(jìn)化而來”的假設(shè)。

　　"Men belonging to Haplogroup R1b are direct descendants of the Cro-Magnon people who, beginning 30,000 years ago, dominated the humanexpansion into Europe and heralded the demise of the Neanderthalspecies," Wells said。

　　威爾斯說：“單倍群R1b種族中的男性是克魯馬努人的直系后代?？唆旕R努人于3萬年前進(jìn)入歐洲，并主宰了人類向歐洲遷徙的進(jìn)程，他們的出現(xiàn)標(biāo)志著尼安德特人種的消亡。”

　　Director of the Genographic Project, an international study mapping the migratory history of the human species, Wells said they took a DNA sample from Darwin's great-great grandson Chris Darwin, 48, who liveson the outskirts of Sydney。

　　威爾斯稱，他們從達(dá)爾文48歲的玄孫、居住在悉尼郊區(qū)的克里斯 達(dá)爾文身上提取了DNA樣本。威爾斯是以揭示人類遷徙史為目的的國際研究項(xiàng)目“基因地理項(xiàng)目”的負(fù)責(zé)人。

　　A trace of Darwin's "deep ancestry" showed his forefathersleft Africa around 45,000 years ago, splitting into a new lineage 5,000years later in Iran or southern Central Asia, Wells said。

　　據(jù)他介紹，對達(dá)爾文“遙遠(yuǎn)祖先”的追溯發(fā)現(xiàn)，他的祖先在大約4萬5千年前離開非洲，并于5千年之后在伊朗或中亞地區(qū)南部分化出了一支新的世系。

　　"Before heading west towards Europe, the next mutation, which defined a new lineage, appeared in a man around 35,000 years ago,' he said。

　　他說：“在他們西遷至歐洲之前，大約3萬5千年前，下一代物種突變出現(xiàn)在種族群體的個(gè)體中，標(biāo)志著一個(gè)新世系的形成。”

　　"Approximately 70 percent of men in southern England belong to Haplogroup R1b, and in parts of Ireland and Spain that number exceeds 90 percent", he added。

　　他還說：“英格蘭南部約70%的男性都是單倍群R1b種族的后裔。在西班牙和愛爾蘭的部分地區(qū)，這一比例甚至超過90%。”

　　Chris Darwin, whose great-grandfather was Darwin's as tronomerson George, is a tour guide and adventurer in the Blue Mountains west of Sydney。

　　克里斯 達(dá)爾文是悉尼西部藍(lán)山地區(qū)的一名導(dǎo)游和冒險(xiǎn)家。他的曾祖父是達(dá)爾文的兒子、天文學(xué)家喬治 達(dá)爾文。

　　He migrated to Australia in 1986 and tests of his maternal DNA showed he was likely directly descended from the women who crossed therugged Caucasus Mountains in southern Russia to reach the steppes of the Black Sea。

　　克里斯于1986年移居澳大利亞。對他的母系DNA的檢測顯示，他可能是穿越俄羅斯南部崎嶇的高加索山脈，抵達(dá)黑海附近大草原的女性的后代。

　　Wells was presenting the findings ahead of the project's annualscientific conference, bringing together representatives from 11regional teams to discuss their work in Sydney。

　　威爾斯在“基因地理項(xiàng)目”的年度科學(xué)研討會召開之前公布了上述發(fā)現(xiàn)，來自11個(gè)地區(qū)的科研小組的代表們來到悉尼討論他們的研究。

　　There are currently 265,000 members of the public taking partin the project, which is an initiative of National Geographic, IBM and the California-based Waitt Family Foundation charity。

　　目前共有26.5萬人參與基因地理項(xiàng)目。該項(xiàng)目由《國家地理》雜志、IBM公司和總部位于加利福尼亞的韋特家庭基金會共同發(fā)起。　 

　　Vocabulary:

　　demise: termination of existence or operation(終止，失敗)

　　seminal：highly original and influencing the development of future events(影響深遠(yuǎn)的，有重大意義的)

　　lineage：the line of descendants of a particular ancestor; family; race(血統(tǒng)，世系)

　　mutation：a sudden departure from the parenttype in one or more heritable characteristics, caused by a change in agene or a chromosome(生物物種的突變) 　　steppe：the vast grasslands, esp. those in the S and E European and W and SW Asian parts of Russia(尤指東南歐及西伯利亞樹少的大草原，干草原)