俄經(jīng)濟(jì)如今已經(jīng)得救還是死緩

Russia just saved its currency and its banks–or,more precisely, gave them a stay of execution.

俄羅斯剛剛挽救了該國(guó)貨幣和銀行業(yè)，或者更準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，使其得以茍延殘喘。

No, it didn’t throw a hatful of hard currency at them.No, it didn’t say it would inject more capital intothem (at least not till next year). What it did was tosuspend (or, for the cynics, abandon) pretty muchall the prudential standards that define whether ornot they’re solvent. In layman’s terms, it’s lettingthem pretend–for an unspecified period of time–thatthey’ll be repaid by the companies that have their money.

俄羅斯既沒(méi)有向銀行系統(tǒng)投入大量硬通貨，也沒(méi)有許諾會(huì)注入更多資金(至少在明年之前不會(huì))，它所做的，只是放松了(在憤世嫉俗者看來(lái)，是放棄了)大部分用于判定是否具有償付能力的審慎標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。通俗點(diǎn)說(shuō)，就是讓銀行無(wú)限期的假裝它們將收到借款公司的還款。

Before we go any further, a lot of very respectable opinion says that relaxing prudentialstandards is exactly what you should do at a time of crisis, to stop the risks in a weak bankingsystem from crystallizing all at once, and making things worse than they need to be. The casefor doing so is all the stronger when you have good reason to think the crisis is likely to beshort-lived, and that all you have is a liquidity crisis, rather than a solvency one. It’s anargument that the U.S. and Europe have been thrashing out ever since 2008.

在我們繼續(xù)深入討論之前，很多非常受人尊敬的觀點(diǎn)表示，放寬審慎標(biāo)準(zhǔn)恰恰是危機(jī)時(shí)期所應(yīng)采取的行動(dòng)，這可以避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在脆弱的銀行體系內(nèi)驟然凸顯，從而使得情勢(shì)不必要的惡化。當(dāng)你有理由相信危機(jī)可能只是暫時(shí)的，你所面對(duì)的只不過(guò)是流動(dòng)性危機(jī)，而非償付危機(jī)時(shí)，就更有理由這么做。這是美國(guó)和歐洲自2008年以來(lái)反復(fù)討論得出的結(jié)論。

Russia thinks its crisis will be temporary, because it’s caused by an oil market that is currentlyovershooting in reaction to a supply shock and will, in time, return to a price level closer to thelong-term average, one which will allow the economy to carry on as normal (albeit with a bit ofbelt-tightening). Hence the current liquidity squeeze on banks from panicked customers isjust something that has to be ridden out. It’ll all be alright in the end.

俄羅斯認(rèn)為，其危機(jī)只是暫時(shí)的，是由于石油市場(chǎng)面對(duì)供給沖擊反應(yīng)過(guò)度所造成的，而油價(jià)終究會(huì)回歸長(zhǎng)期均衡的水平，使得俄羅斯經(jīng)濟(jì)得以恢復(fù)正常(雖然需要稍微緊縮開(kāi)支)。因此，當(dāng)前因客戶恐慌造成的銀行流動(dòng)性短缺必須被克服，最終一切將安然無(wú)恙。

In this spirit, banks will no longer have to mark their bond portfolios to market prices. They canpretend their holdings are worth 100 cents on the dollar, rather than the 20 cents they’d get ifforced to liquidate today. They’ll be able to book foreign currency loans at exchange ratesthat are three months out of date. Both measures reduce the amount of (ruble-denominated)capital that they have to hold to meet legal norms.

本著這種精神，俄羅斯銀行再也不用按市場(chǎng)價(jià)格對(duì)其債券投資組合進(jìn)行計(jì)價(jià)。它們可以假裝自己所持有的頭寸一美元仍然價(jià)值100美分，盡管事實(shí)上，如果現(xiàn)在它們被迫清償，其持有的頭寸一美元僅能作價(jià)20美分。銀行還能夠按照三個(gè)月前的匯率記錄外幣貸款。這兩項(xiàng)措施降低了銀行為滿足法定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)必須持有的(盧布標(biāo)價(jià))資金額。

It gets better. You can now transfer all of your foreign currency-denominated credit risk to theCentral Bank, which will now accept FX claims on companies as collateral for loans in dollars. Inother words, let the CBR worry about getting the money out of a Cyprus-based tradingaffiliate in the bankruptcy proceedings if the worst comes to the worst. Strictly speaking, thecredit risk is not directly transferred as it would be under an outright sale, but the effect ismuch the same: you get the cash today, and we’ll worry about the loan quality another day.

更棒的是，現(xiàn)在你還可以將所有外幣標(biāo)價(jià)的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給俄羅斯中央銀行，央行現(xiàn)在將接受外匯債券作為企業(yè)美元貸款的抵押。換言之，如果情況糟糕到極點(diǎn)，怎么從正在破產(chǎn)程序中的某塞浦路斯貿(mào)易分公司拿到錢(qián)這種事，就讓俄羅斯央行來(lái)?yè)?dān)心吧。嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)，信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不能像賣(mài)斷那樣直接轉(zhuǎn)移，但影響卻大致相同：你先得到現(xiàn)金，日后我們?cè)賮?lái)?yè)?dān)心貸款質(zhì)量。

Banks will also be allowed to offer higher rates on deposits to encourage people to keep theirmoney in the system. That breaks with the previous logic that banned super-elevated depositrates because they’re normally the last resort of a bank that’s going under.

銀行也獲準(zhǔn)提高存款利率，以鼓勵(lì)人們將資金留在銀行系統(tǒng)。這打破了之前的邏輯，即禁止超高存款利率，因?yàn)槠渫ǔＪ羌磳⑵飘a(chǎn)的銀行壓箱底的最后一招。

But the pièce de résistance here is the very distillation of what debt crisis junkies call “Extendand Pretend.” Even if you have to restructure your loans, delaying repayment, changing theircurrency and cutting the interest rate, you still won’t have to change the risk-weighting yougive to that loan (so you still won’t have to hold more capital against it).

但是，這里的重點(diǎn)是債務(wù)危機(jī)迷們所說(shuō)的“貸款延期、假裝沒(méi)事”(Extend and Pretend)的精髓。即使你不得不重組貸款、推遲還款、改變幣種并降低利率，你依然無(wú)需改變你給予此項(xiàng)貸款的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)權(quán)重(因此，你仍然無(wú)需為這些貸款預(yù)備更多資金)。

This gives state-backed companies (whose local-currency debts largely carry a zero risk-weighting under Basel III rules) carte blanche to default to domestic banks, because thelenders will be able to pretend nothing has happened (as regards holding capital against theloans). Loss recognition, be damned! President Vladimir Putin has often talked of his country’spivot to China – here it is in glorious action.

這使得俄羅斯國(guó)家支持的企業(yè)(按照巴塞爾協(xié)定III的規(guī)則，這些企業(yè)的本幣債務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)權(quán)重大都為零)能隨心所欲的對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)銀行違約，因?yàn)?就針對(duì)貸款的準(zhǔn)備金而言)，貸款機(jī)構(gòu)將能假裝什么事都沒(méi)有發(fā)生。

Another provision has much the same effect, suspending risk-weightings on loans tocompanies affected by sanctions. Heck, even if you do have to recognize a loss on a loan, theCBR will now give you two years, rather than one, to provision against it.

另一項(xiàng)規(guī)定的效果大致相同，暫停受制裁影響企業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)權(quán)重。即使你不得不承認(rèn)貸款發(fā)生損失，俄羅斯央行現(xiàn)在將給你兩年，而非一年的時(shí)間為貸款進(jìn)行撥備。

As noted, this can all make a degree of sense on one basic assumption: the crisis istemporary, and your clients will actually stay in Russia and work out their problems honestly.

如上所述，這些都在一定程度上有道理，但必須基于一個(gè)基本假設(shè)，即危機(jī)是暫時(shí)的，而且你的客戶都將留在俄羅斯，真正解決他們的問(wèn)題。