中國(guó)首位MBA畢業(yè)生
歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為中國(guó)現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)開端于1978年，即毛澤東逝世以及災(zāi)難性的文化大革命結(jié)束兩年以后。但中國(guó)的許多現(xiàn)代機(jī)構(gòu)，特別是商學(xué)教育機(jī)構(gòu)，起步的時(shí)間要更晚。1993年，王淳奇拿到了中國(guó)大陸大學(xué)授予的第一個(gè)MBA學(xué)位，當(dāng)時(shí)的中國(guó)即將進(jìn)入高速增長(zhǎng)期。
Ironically, Wang himself did not seek out the opportunity but — in an echo of the plannedeconomy from which China was emerging — had it thrust upon him. After finishing his firstdegree in engineering in 1977, he was sent to work at Yizheng Chemical Fibre, buildingautomated production lines. By 1991, the company was the world’s fourth-largest producer ofpolyester yarn.
諷刺的是，王淳奇本人并沒有去尋找讀MBA的機(jī)會(huì)，而是這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)硬找上了他，這反映出計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)的特點(diǎn)，而當(dāng)時(shí)的中國(guó)正在逐漸擺脫這種經(jīng)濟(jì)模式。1977年，王淳奇拿到了他的第一個(gè)學(xué)位(工科學(xué)位)，而后被分配到儀征化纖(Yizheng Chemical)工作，負(fù)責(zé)建設(shè)自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)線。到1991年時(shí)，儀征化纖已成為全球第四大滌綸紗生產(chǎn)商。
“I had no [management] experience, but at that time getting into university had nothing to dowith your background,” Wang says, speaking in the lobby of his office tower in Shanghai’sPudong district. The area was still mostly farmland when he began his MBA but is now a densecluster of skyscrapers.
“我沒有(管理)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，但那個(gè)時(shí)候進(jìn)大學(xué)讀書與你的背景毫無關(guān)系。”王淳奇在其位于上海浦東新區(qū)的寫字樓的大廳里說道。他開始讀MBA的時(shí)候，浦東基本上還是農(nóng)田，而今已經(jīng)高樓林立。
“The company leader recommended me. I had a certain status there,” Wang says. “There werea few of us who were recommended to take the test, but I was the only one who passed.Actually, I really didn’t understand what this discipline was all about.”
王淳奇說：“公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)推薦的我。我在那兒有一定地位。我們有好幾個(gè)人被推薦參加考試，只有我考上了。其實(shí)，我當(dāng)時(shí)并不明白這門學(xué)科是怎么一回事。”
The Chinese government selected nine universities to pioneer domestic MBA education. Theinaugural year was 1991 and the group included Beijing’s three top universities — Peking,Renmin and Tsinghua.
中國(guó)政府選擇了9所大學(xué)率先開展國(guó)內(nèi)MBA教育。1991年是中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)MBA教育的元年，這9所大學(xué)中有3所是位于北京的一流高校，它們分別是北京大學(xué)(Peking University)、中國(guó)人民大學(xué)(Renmin University)以及清華大學(xué)(Tsinghua University)。
Tsinghua, which is known as China’s answer to Massachusetts Institute of Technology, wasfamous for its engineering department. Future central bank governor and premier Zhu Rongji,an architect of China’s economic reform during the early 2000s under President Jiang Zemin,was appointed as founding dean of the new School of Economics and Management.
清華大學(xué)被稱為中國(guó)的麻省理工學(xué)院(MIT)，當(dāng)時(shí)以工科著稱。中國(guó)后來的央行行長(zhǎng)和國(guó)務(wù)院總理朱镕基當(dāng)時(shí)被任命為新成立的清華大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院(School of Economics and Management)的首任院長(zhǎng)。2000年代早期，在時(shí)任國(guó)家主席的江澤民的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，朱镕基成為了中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)改革的設(shè)計(jì)師。
For Wang, business school meant leaving his wife in Nanjing to live in a dorm room with twoclassmates in Beijing. But the schools had been instructed from on high to launch MBAs andwere not fully prepared. With no standardised course materials, professors often taught fromhandwritten notes. A distinct business curriculum had not yet been established, so Wangtook classes with masters students in engineering for the programme’s first year.
對(duì)王淳奇來說，讀商學(xué)院意味著要離開南京的妻子、去北京跟兩位同學(xué)住在一間宿舍里。相關(guān)的大學(xué)雖然受高層指示啟動(dòng)了MBA項(xiàng)目，但當(dāng)時(shí)卻沒做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。由于沒有規(guī)范的教材，教授們經(jīng)常用手寫的筆記教學(xué)。因?yàn)閷ｉT的商學(xué)課程尚未設(shè)置好，所以王淳奇在頭一個(gè)學(xué)年是與工科碩士研究生一起上課。
In the second year, 15 of 70 masters students were chosen to proceed to the formal MBAprogramme. Much like the so-called “third generation” of Chinese political leaders centredaround Jiang, Zhu and former premier Li Peng, who all trained as engineers, the selectionprocess for MBA students placed a premium on engineering skills.
第二年，70名碩士研究生中有15人被選中進(jìn)入正式的MBA項(xiàng)目。這一選拔過程將學(xué)生的工科技能作為重要考慮因素之一，這一特點(diǎn)很像以江澤民、朱镕基及前總理李鵬為主要人物的中國(guó)“第三代”政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)集體，他們?nèi)际菍W(xué)工科出身的。
“They didn’t want teachers; they wanted people with experience managing factories — peoplewith experience in industrial science,” Wang says. “If you studied the humanities, foreignlanguages or something like that, they didn’t want you.”
王淳奇說：“他們不要教師，他們要的是有管理工廠經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人——有工業(yè)科技經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人。如果你以前學(xué)的是人文、外語之類的專業(yè)，他們不要你的。”
For an engineering student, topics such as marketing strategy, joint venture managementand western accounting were unfamiliar. The course required three years of full-time study andWang recalls working into the night by torchlight after the dormitory shut off the electricity at10 o’clock.
對(duì)一名工科學(xué)生而言，像營(yíng)銷策略、合資企業(yè)管理和西方會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)這樣的科目是很陌生的。全部課程需要全日制學(xué)習(xí)3年。王淳奇回憶起，在宿舍晚上10點(diǎn)停電后，他會(huì)打著手電筒學(xué)到深夜。
“Compared with engineering, it wasn’t really difficult, but it required a new way of thinking.Sometimes I didn’t understand what I was reading,” he says.
王淳奇說：“與工程學(xué)相比，MBA并不是很難，但它要求你具備一種新的思維方式。有時(shí)候我搞不懂自己到底在學(xué)什么。”
Wang earned the distinction of becoming China’s first MBA because he asked for permissionto graduate several months early. “When I graduated, they hadn’t even figured out what thediploma should look like. They just gave me an engineering diploma,” he says. “Later I swappedit for the real thing.”
王淳奇之所以獲得“中國(guó)MBA第一人”這一殊榮，是因?yàn)樗?dāng)時(shí)請(qǐng)求校方允許他提前幾個(gè)月畢業(yè)。他說：“我畢業(yè)的時(shí)候，他們連文憑的式樣都沒設(shè)計(jì)好。他們只好授予我一份工科文憑。后來我才把這份文憑換成了MBA文憑。”
Yizheng Chemical was preparing to be one of the first mainland companies to complete an initialpublic offering in Hong Kong. For his MBA thesis, Wang researched issues surrounding YizhengChemical’s listing and was given special permission to return to the company to participate inthe road show.
儀征化纖當(dāng)時(shí)正準(zhǔn)備成為第一家在香港完成首次公開發(fā)行(IPO)的大陸公司。為了完成MBA論文，王淳奇研究了儀征化纖上市相關(guān)問題，他還獲得特批回到公司參加上市路演。
Though not of his own choosing, the experience fundamentally changed the course of Wang’scareer. Shortly after the IPO, he left Yizheng Chemical to join First Eastern Investment, a HongKong-based private equity firm.
雖然不是自己的選擇，但這段經(jīng)歷從根本上改變了王淳奇職業(yè)生涯的軌跡。儀征化纖上市后不久，他就離開了這家公司，加入了位于香港的私人股本公司第一東方投資(First Eastern Investment)。
Wang’s career shift neatly tracks the changes in China’s economy. Yizheng Chemical thrived inthe 1990s and early 2000s, when the country grew rapidly by mastering existing technologyfrom rich countries and taking advantage of cheap labour costs to seize market share.
王淳奇職業(yè)生涯的軌跡緊隨中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的變化而變。儀征化纖在1990年代和2000年代初蓬勃發(fā)展。當(dāng)時(shí)，中國(guó)通過掌握富裕國(guó)家現(xiàn)有技術(shù)和利用勞動(dòng)力成本低的優(yōu)勢(shì)搶占市場(chǎng)份額，實(shí)現(xiàn)了快速增長(zhǎng)。
Now high-pollution, low-margin industries such as chemical fibre are giving way to higher-value-added industries, including financial services. Yizheng Chemical, which today is owned bystate oil refiner Sinopec, is struggling to survive in an industry beset by overcapacity, and itsshares are in danger of being delisted.
而現(xiàn)在，像化纖這樣高污染、低利潤(rùn)率的產(chǎn)業(yè)正讓位給高附加值產(chǎn)業(yè)，其中包括金融服務(wù)業(yè)。儀征化纖——現(xiàn)為國(guó)有煉油企業(yè)中石化(Sinopec)所有——正在一個(gè)為產(chǎn)能過剩所累的行業(yè)里掙扎求生，其股票有被摘牌的危險(xiǎn)。
Yet Wang maintains a traditional view of what makes an effective business leader. “You needto understand technology and industrial science,” he says. “A lot of investment bankers whodo IPOs come at it from the perspective of the humanities and make all kinds of promises toinvestors. That won’t fly.”
盡管如此，對(duì)于高效的企業(yè)領(lǐng)袖應(yīng)具備何種素質(zhì)，王淳奇仍持傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)。他說：“你需要了解技術(shù)以及工業(yè)科技。很多從事IPO的投資銀行家都從人文角度著手，向投資者許下各種承諾。這是行不通的。”
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MBA places and senior faculty in short supply
MBA名額和資深教師供不應(yīng)求
It may be barely 20 years since China produced its first MBA student, but these days some30,000 managers graduate with an MBA each year from 236 Chinese business schools, writesDella Bradshaw.
中國(guó)培養(yǎng)出自己的第一個(gè)MBA學(xué)生才過了20年，如今全國(guó)已有236所商學(xué)院，每年的MBA畢業(yè)生差不多有3萬人。
That is huge growth by international standards — China now has nearly three times as manyMBA schools as the UK — but given the size of China’s management cadre, the numbers aretiny.
以國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量，這一增長(zhǎng)是巨大的，中國(guó)現(xiàn)在的MBA學(xué)校數(shù)量是英國(guó)的將近3倍。但相對(duì)中國(guó)管理干部的規(guī)模而言，其MBA數(shù)量又是非常小的。
One reason for this is the lack of qualified instructors, says Zhou Lin, dean of Antai College atShanghai Jiao Tong University. “Thirty thousand seems to be a small number, but if you look atthe supply side, in China there are not enough quality programmes. The bottom schools arereally struggling.”
造成此現(xiàn)象的原因之一是缺乏合格的教師。上海交通大學(xué)(Shanghai Jiao Tong University)安泰經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理學(xué)院(Antai College)院長(zhǎng)周林說：“3萬似乎是個(gè)小數(shù)目，但如果你看下供應(yīng)面，中國(guó)沒有足夠多的高質(zhì)量項(xiàng)目。底層學(xué)校真的很艱難。”
One reason is that it is difficult to hire faculty, says Lu Xiongwen, dean of management at FudanUniversity in Shanghai. “It is not difficult to hire junior scholars but it is to get senior scholars.”
上海復(fù)旦大學(xué)(Fudan University)管理學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)陸雄文說，原因之一是很難聘請(qǐng)到教師。“資歷淺的學(xué)者不難招到，難的是招到資深學(xué)者。”
Even at Tsinghua University in Beijing, one of the world’s most prestigious universities, themanagement school has been able to fill only nine of its 30 chaired professorships.
即使是北京的清華大學(xué)——全球最負(fù)盛名的大學(xué)之一——其經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院的30個(gè)教授席位也只能招到9人。
A second reason for the relatively slow progress is the quota system. The government tellseach university how many students it can enrol and the university allocates places to eachdepartment. Even if there is huge demand for an MBA, the designated number cannot beexceeded.
中國(guó)MBA教育發(fā)展相對(duì)緩慢的第二個(gè)原因是配額制。政府會(huì)告訴每所大學(xué)能招多少學(xué)生，學(xué)校再將名額分配給各系。即使MBA面臨需求的巨大，招生人數(shù)也不能超出指定的數(shù)量。
Prof Lu believes the system should change: “[The number of] MBAs should be determined inthe market.”
陸雄文教授認(rèn)為這一制度應(yīng)該改變：“MBA(的數(shù)量)應(yīng)由市場(chǎng)決定。”
Another significant difference between MBA study in China and that in the US or Europe is thatthe majority of students in China study part time.
中國(guó)與歐美的MBA教育還存在一個(gè)顯著不同：中國(guó)的大多數(shù)MBA學(xué)生都是邊工作邊學(xué)習(xí)的。
At Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management just 98 of the 437 students whoenrolled on the MBA programme this academic year are studying full time. At Antai, 80 of the550 MBA students study full-time, says Prof Zhou. “When MBA students have decided theywant to study full time, they will go abroad.”
清華大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院的MBA項(xiàng)目本學(xué)年招生437人，其中只有98人是全日制學(xué)生。據(jù)周林教授介紹，安泰經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理學(xué)院的550名MBA學(xué)生里有80人為全日制學(xué)生。“MBA學(xué)生要是決定了想讀全日制項(xiàng)目，他們會(huì)出國(guó)去讀。”
