收養(yǎng)成人——日本百年家族企業(yè)的生存秘訣

Japan has one of the highest adoption rates in the world, with over 80,000 legal adoptions recorded every year. Yet when it comes to adopting children, the Asian country is lagging way behind most developed countries. That's because around 98% of Japanese adoptees are bright young men in their 20s and 30s.

日本是世界上收養(yǎng)率最高的國家之一，每年的合法收養(yǎng)記錄超過8萬。但是日本在收養(yǎng)兒童發(fā)面仍落后于大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國家。這是因?yàn)槿毡?8%的被收養(yǎng)人都是二三十歲的年輕男性。

At the same time, while studies have shown that family-controlled businesses are generally unsustainable over long periods of time - mostly due to the fact that business acumen and intelligence are only partially inherited - it's interesting to see that not only are a third of Japanese corporations family-run, but they are also clearly outperforming professionally managed companies in almost every way. Statistics show that family firms are more profitable, have a higher market valuation and increased sales compared to their rivals. Even more curious is that giants like Suzuki, Toyota or Matsui Securities have managed to keep it all in the family for over a hundred years, and other family businesses for even longer than that.

與此同時，研究表明家族企業(yè)持續(xù)的時間一般都不長，這主要是因?yàn)樯虡I(yè)頭腦和智慧只能得到部分傳承。但有趣的是，日本有1/3的企業(yè)是家族經(jīng)營的，而它們在幾乎各個方面都明顯超越專業(yè)管理的公司。統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，與競爭對手相比，家族企業(yè)盈利更多，市場估值更高。更奇怪的是，鈴木、豐田和松井證券等巨頭一直維持家族經(jīng)營已有100多年了，而其他家族企業(yè)的歷史甚至更久遠(yuǎn)。

But what does the remarkable success of family business have to do with the high rate of adult adoption, right? Well, in Japan at least, these two curiosities are very closely linked. Prior to the Second World War, civil code in Japan decreed family wealth could only be passed down through male lines, traditionally to the first born son. So families with no male heirs or with sons deemed unsuitable to take over the family business turned to adoption, but not the kind most of us are used to. Instead of simply adopting a baby or a young boy, they adopted young men who displayed the intelligence and knowledge of business required to ensure that their name and legacy endured until the next generation. And while the law no longer prohibits people from passing down their fortune to female heirs, the age-old tradition of electing a 'mukoyoshi' (or 'adopted son-in-law') is still very popular in Japan.

但是，家族企業(yè)傲人的成就與成人收養(yǎng)率高有什么關(guān)系呢?好吧，至少在日本這兩件怪事是緊密相聯(lián)的。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前，《日本民法典》規(guī)定家族財富只能傳給男性，傳統(tǒng)上是傳給長子。沒有男性繼承人或兒子的家庭會被視為不適合接管家族生意，因此這些家庭就會去收養(yǎng)繼承人，但是這不是我們所熟悉的收養(yǎng)方式。為了讓家族的姓氏和遺產(chǎn)延續(xù)給下一代，他們不會收養(yǎng)嬰兒或者小男孩兒，而是收養(yǎng)具有經(jīng)商頭腦和商業(yè)知識的年輕男性。雖然法律已經(jīng)不再禁止人們將財產(chǎn)傳給女性，但是選擇一名“女婿”的古老傳統(tǒng)在日本依然很流行。

The vast majority of adoptions in Japan have little to do with kindness and generosity and a lot to do with mercantilism and the fear of losing centuries-old family names. Genes are not that reliable, which is why most family businesses stagnate and eventually go downhill after their founder's death. But in Japan, you can find family-run businesses dating back over a millennium. According to Wikipedia the top five world's oldest businesses are Japanese, with the oldest of them, a Buddhist temple builder called Kongō Gumi, having been founded in the year 578. It remained a family-run business until 2006, when it was absorbed by the Takamatsu Construction Group.

在日本，大多數(shù)收養(yǎng)和善良、慷慨都不沾邊，收養(yǎng)主要出于商業(yè)目的以及擔(dān)心古老家族姓氏失傳?；蚴强坎蛔〉模@就是為什么大多數(shù)家族企業(yè)在創(chuàng)始人去世后停滯不前，并最終走上下坡路。但你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，日本的家族企業(yè)歷史可以追溯到上千年前。據(jù)維基百科排名顯示，世界上最古老的五個企業(yè)都來自日本，其中歷史最悠久的金剛組成立于公元578年，這是一家建造佛教寺廟的企業(yè)。金剛組一直維持家族經(jīng)營，直到2006年該公司才被高松建設(shè)集團(tuán)吞并。

While some people may see the Japanese adult adoption as wrong or just plain weird, studies have found that it is a very effective way of keeping family businesses healthy over long periods of time. According to The New Economy, "adopting highly qualified adults to head family businesses has the triple effect of displacing untalented blood heirs, eliciting better performance from managers who stand to be placed on a fast-track to ownership by becoming an adopted son, and encouraging proactivity among blood heirs who live under constant threat of being replaced by a 'superior' adopted son."

雖然有人認(rèn)為日本的成人收養(yǎng)制度是不正確的，甚至非常詭異，但研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是家族企業(yè)長期維持下去的極有效方法。據(jù)《新經(jīng)濟(jì)》雜志稱，“收養(yǎng)高素質(zhì)的成年人領(lǐng)導(dǎo)家族企業(yè)具有一箭三雕的效果，這樣可以取代沒有才能的血親繼承人，而成為養(yǎng)子是繼承公司的捷徑，這點(diǎn)會促使作為管理者的養(yǎng)子表現(xiàn)更加出色，隨時可能被“更優(yōu)秀”養(yǎng)子取代的威脅還會激勵血親繼承人提高工作積極性。”

Today, there are a host of matchmaking companies and marriage consultants specializing in recruiting adult adoptees for Japanese companies. "There is definitely demand because the birth rate in Japan has been falling and many parents just have a daughter," says Chieko Date, the founder of a matchmaking site for woman looking for husbands willing to get adopted by their families. "And many men are looking for opportunities to use their business skills outside the corporate world because in this economy, climbing up the corporate ladder is much harder."

如今，有很多婚介公司和婚戀顧問專門為日本企業(yè)招收成年養(yǎng)子。伊達(dá)千惠是一家婚介網(wǎng)站的創(chuàng)始人，該網(wǎng)站為女性尋找愿被其家族收養(yǎng)的丈夫。伊達(dá)千惠說，“因?yàn)槿毡镜某錾室恢痹谙陆担S多夫妻只有一個女兒，所以肯定有需求。許多男人都希望在企業(yè)世界之外的天空施展自己的商業(yè)技能，因?yàn)樵谶@種經(jīng)濟(jì)體制中升遷要困難得多。”

Prospective voluntary adoptees obviously have a lot to gain from this as well. Not only are they awarded a high executive honor, but their families are often rewarded with large sums of money for accepting that their heir give up the family name and take on that of the adopters. It's a good business deal, especially for families with multiple male heirs.

自愿被收養(yǎng)的潛在養(yǎng)子顯然也能獲利不少。他們不僅能得到高管職位，而且他們的家庭通常還會因?yàn)榧易謇^承人放棄自己的姓氏而接受收養(yǎng)人的姓氏而獲得巨額獎勵。這是一筆好買賣，尤其是對于有多個家族繼承人的家庭來說。

"I see no problem in changing my family name because I see it as a nickname given by the government for the family registry," says Tsunemaru Tanaka, who signed up for Date's website. "I am confident that my skills can be useful so if there is a chance for me to inherit a family business and make it successful, that would be good for everyone."

該網(wǎng)站注冊用戶田中綱丸表示，“我不介意更改姓氏，因?yàn)槲艺J(rèn)為名字就是政府在家庭登記時給每個人的代號。我相信自己能夠有所作為，因此如果我有機(jī)會繼承并成功經(jīng)營一個家族企業(yè)，那對所有人都會是好事兒。”

But while many Japanese families turn to adult adoption as a pragmatic way of preserving their name and legacy, child adoption in the country is almost taboo. "It's an incredibly sad situation," Eriko Takahashi, Program Director of Disability and Social Welfare at Nippon Foundation, told Tokyo Weekly. "In Japan roughly 39,000 kids are in care right now; however, only around 300 adoptions are arranged through the child advisory services annually. Then there are about 100 through private bodies. It is nowhere near enough."

許多家庭把收養(yǎng)成人作為延續(xù)其姓氏和財產(chǎn)的一種務(wù)實(shí)方式，但收養(yǎng)兒童在日本似乎卻是禁忌。“這是個很可悲的現(xiàn)狀，”日本財團(tuán)殘疾與社會福利項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人高橋理子對《東京周刊》表示，“日本現(xiàn)在大約有39000名需要照看的孩子;然而每年通過兒童咨詢服務(wù)中心收養(yǎng)的兒童僅約300名。通過私人機(jī)構(gòu)收養(yǎng)的兒童約為100名。但這是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。”

And when they do decide to adopt children, Hajime Youji claims that it is almost never a complete stranger's child. "It's always a case of adoption from relative with too many kids," he writes on Quora.

鷹志肇在Quora上表示，當(dāng)人們決定要領(lǐng)養(yǎng)孩子時，幾乎沒有人領(lǐng)養(yǎng)陌生人的孩子。“人們一般都從孩子太多的親戚那里收養(yǎng)。”