你和你的好朋友有無(wú)數(shù)共同點(diǎn)，連腦電波都相似

A friend will help you move, goes an old saying, while a good friend will help you move a body. And why not? Moral qualms aside, that good friend would most likely agree the victim was an intolerable jerk who had it coming and, jeez, you shouldn’t have done this but where do you keep the shovel?

有句老話說(shuō)，朋友愿幫你搬家，而好朋友愿幫你搬尸體。怎么會(huì)不愿呢?撇去道德方面的顧慮不說(shuō)，這位好朋友也很有可能認(rèn)為這個(gè)受害者是個(gè)令人難以容忍的混蛋，罪有應(yīng)得，那么，天吶，你不該這么做的，不過(guò)你把鐵鏟放哪了?

New research suggests the roots of friendship extend even deeper than previously suspected. Scientists have found that the brains of close friends respond in remarkably similar ways as they view a series of short videos: the same ebbs and swells of attention and distraction, the same peaking of reward processing here, boredom alerts there.

新的研究表明，友誼的根基比我們猜想的還要深?？茖W(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，親密的朋友在觀看一系列短片時(shí)，他們的大腦會(huì)以非常相似的方式做出反應(yīng)：注意力的集中與分散有著相同的起落，時(shí)而出現(xiàn)相同的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)反應(yīng)高峰，時(shí)而又有相同的厭倦警示。

The neural response patterns evoked by the videos — on subjects as diverse as the dangers of college football, the behavior of water in outer space, and Liam Neeson trying his hand at improv comedy — proved so congruent among friends, compared with patterns seen among people who were not friends, that the researchers could predict the strength of two people’s social bond based on their brain scans alone.

視頻的內(nèi)容多種多樣，有大學(xué)足球的危險(xiǎn)、外太空里水的特性、連姆·尼森(Liam Neeson)嘗試即興喜劇表演。與不是朋友的人相比，視頻在朋友之間引發(fā)的神經(jīng)反應(yīng)模式是如此的一致，以至于研究人員甚至可以單憑兩個(gè)人的大腦掃描推測(cè)出他們社會(huì)關(guān)系的親疏。

“I was struck by the exceptional magnitude of similarity among friends,” said Carolyn Parkinson, a cognitive scientist at the University of California, Los Angeles. The results “were more persuasive than I would have thought.” Parkinson and her colleagues, Thalia Wheatley and Adam M. Kleinbaum of Dartmouth College, reported their results in Nature Communications.

“朋友之間這種相似程度讓我震驚，”加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校(University of California, Los Angeles)的認(rèn)知學(xué)家卡洛琳·帕金森(Carolyn Parkinson)說(shuō)。結(jié)果“比我設(shè)想的更有說(shuō)服力”。帕金森和來(lái)自達(dá)特茅斯學(xué)院(Dartmouth College)的同事塔利婭·惠特利(Thalia Wheatley)、亞當(dāng)·M·克萊伯恩(Adam M. Kleinbaum)在《自然通訊》(Nature Communications)上報(bào)告了他們的研究結(jié)果。

“I think it’s an incredibly ingenious paper,” said Nicholas Christakis, author of “Connected: The Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our World” and a biosociologist at Yale University. “It suggests that friends resemble each other not just superficially, but in the very structures of their brains.”

“我認(rèn)為這是一篇非常有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的論文，”耶魯大學(xué)生物社會(huì)學(xué)家、《互聯(lián)——社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的力量以及它如何改變了我們的世界》(Connected: The Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our World)一書(shū)的作者古樂(lè)朋(Nicholas Christakis)說(shuō)。“這表明，朋友之間的彼此相似不只在表面，還存在于他們的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)中。”

The findings offer tantalizing evidence for the vague sense we have that friendship is more than shared interests or checking off the right boxes on a Facebook profile. It’s about something we call good chemistry.

我們能夠隱約感覺(jué)到，友誼不只是擁有共同的興趣或是在Facebook個(gè)人資料中勾選過(guò)多少相應(yīng)的選項(xiàng)。他們的調(diào)查結(jié)果給出了我們期待的證明。這與我們所說(shuō)的“化學(xué)反應(yīng)”有關(guān)。

“Our results suggest that friends might be similar in how they pay attention to and process the world around them,” Parkinson said. “That shared processing could make people click more easily and have the sort of seamless social interaction that can feel so rewarding.”

“我們的研究結(jié)果表明，朋友在如何關(guān)注和處理周圍世界的方面可能是相似的，”帕金森說(shuō)。“這種共同的處理方式會(huì)讓人更容易成為朋友，擁有令人感到滿足的、彼此契合的社會(huì)交往。”

Kevin N. Ochsner, a cognitive neuroscientist at Columbia University who studies social networks, said the new report is “cool,” “provocative” and “raises more questions than it answers.” It could well be picking up traces of “an ineffable shared reality” between friends.

哥倫比亞大學(xué)(Columbia University)研究社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的認(rèn)知神經(jīng)學(xué)家凱文·N·奧克斯納(Kevin N. Ochsner)稱，這份新的研究“很酷”、“令人激動(dòng)”，且“提出的問(wèn)題多于回答”。這項(xiàng)研究很可能發(fā)現(xiàn)了朋友之間“無(wú)法言喻的共有現(xiàn)實(shí)”的蹤跡。

Ochsner offered his own story as evidence of the primacy of chemistry over mere biography. “My wife-to-be and I were both neuroscientists in the field, we were on dating websites, but we were never matched up,” he said.

奧克斯納說(shuō)出了自己的故事，以證明化學(xué)反應(yīng)勝于單單一份個(gè)人傳記。“我和未婚妻都是這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的神經(jīng)科學(xué)家，我們都在用約會(huì)網(wǎng)站，但從未被匹配在一起，”他說(shuō)。

“Then we happened to meet as colleagues and in two minutes we knew we had the kind of chemistry that breeds a relationship.”

“然后我們偶然以同事身份相遇，不出兩分鐘我們就知道，我們有種能培養(yǎng)出一段感情的默契。”

Parkinson — who is 31, wears large horn-rimmed glasses and has the wholesome look of a young Sally Field — described herself as introverted but said, “I’ve been fortunate with my friends.”

31歲的帕金森戴著大大的角質(zhì)框架眼鏡，有種莎莉·菲爾德(Sally Field)年輕時(shí)的朝氣。她形容自己性格內(nèi)向，但也說(shuō)“很幸運(yùn)能擁有我的朋友”。

The new study is part of a surge of scientific interest in the nature, structure and evolution of friendship. Behind the enthusiasm is a virtual Kilimanjaro of demographic evidence that friendlessness can be poisonous, exacting a physical and emotional toll comparable to that of more familiar risk factors like obesity, high blood pressure, unemployment, lack of exercise, smoking cigarettes.

近來(lái)科學(xué)對(duì)友誼的性質(zhì)、結(jié)構(gòu)和演變過(guò)程的興趣激增，此次研究就屬其一。在這種熱情背后，大量人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)證明缺乏友誼可能是有害的，造成的身體和情感傷害堪比肥胖、高血壓、失業(yè)、缺乏鍛煉、吸煙等人們更為熟知的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。

Scientists want to know what, exactly, makes friendship so healthy and social isolation so harmful, and they’re gathering provocative, if not yet definitive, clues.

科學(xué)家們想要知道，到底是什么讓友誼如此有益健康，而社會(huì)孤立又如此有害，而他們正在收集的雖然并非決定性線索，但也令人興奮。

Christakis and his co-workers recently demonstrated that people with strong social ties had comparatively low concentrations of fibrinogen, a protein associated with the kind of chronic inflammation thought to be the source of many diseases. Why sociability might help block inflammation remains unclear.

古樂(lè)朋和同事不久前證明，社會(huì)聯(lián)系強(qiáng)大的人有著相對(duì)較低的纖維蛋白原濃度，這是一種與慢性炎癥有關(guān)的蛋白質(zhì)，通常被視為許多疾病來(lái)源。為什么社交能力能阻止炎癥目前尚不清楚。

Parkinson and her co-workers previously had shown that people are keenly and automatically aware of how all the players in their social sphere fit together, and the scientists wanted to know why some players in a given network are close friends and others mere nodding acquaintances.

帕金森和她的同事此前曾經(jīng)證明，人們對(duì)自己社交領(lǐng)域的所有參與者如何互相配合有著敏銳而自覺(jué)的意識(shí)，而科學(xué)家們想知道，為什么在一個(gè)既定的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，一些人能成為親密好友，而另一些人只是點(diǎn)頭之交。

Inspired by the research of Uri Hasson of Princeton, they decided to explore subjects’ neural reactions to everyday, naturalistic stimuli — which these days means watching videos.

受普林斯頓大學(xué)尤里·哈森(Uri Hasson)的研究啟發(fā)，科學(xué)家們決定研究實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象在日常自然刺激下的神經(jīng)反應(yīng)——現(xiàn)在這意味著觀看視頻。

The researchers started with a defined social network: an entire class of 279 graduate students at an unnamed university widely known among neuroscientists to have been Dartmouth’s school of business.

研究人員從一個(gè)既定社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)下手：一所未透露校名的大學(xué)內(nèi)的某一屆研究生，共279人。神經(jīng)學(xué)家普遍知道是達(dá)特茅斯的商學(xué)院。

The students, who all knew one another and in many cases lived in dorms together, were asked to fill out questionnaires. Which of their fellow students did they socialize with — share meals and go to a movie with, invite into their homes? From that survey the researchers mapped out a social network of varying degrees of connectivity: friends, friends of friends, third-degree friends, friends of Kevin Bacon.

這些學(xué)生都相互認(rèn)識(shí)，有些還同住一個(gè)宿舍，他們被要求填寫(xiě)了調(diào)查問(wèn)卷。他們與哪些同學(xué)交往——一起吃飯、看電影，或是邀請(qǐng)回家?根據(jù)調(diào)查，研究人員繪制出了連接程度不同的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)：朋友、朋友的朋友、三度朋友，凱文·貝肯(Kevin Bacon)的朋友。

The students were then asked to participate in a brain scanning study and 42 agreed. As an fMRI device tracked blood flow in their brains, the students watched a series of video clips of varying lengths, an experience that Parkinson likened to channel surfing with somebody else in control of the remote.

隨后，學(xué)生被邀請(qǐng)參與腦部掃描研究，其中42人同意參加。在學(xué)生觀看一系列有長(zhǎng)有短的視頻片段的同時(shí)，一臺(tái)fMRI設(shè)備會(huì)追蹤他們大腦的血液流動(dòng)情況。帕金森將這一體驗(yàn)比作與掌握遙控器的另一個(gè)人一起搜索電視頻道。

Analyzing the scans of the students, Parkinson and her colleagues found strong concordance between blood flow patterns — a measure of neural activity — and the degree of friendship among the various participants, even after controlling for other factors that might explain similarities in neural responses, like ethnicity, religion or family income.

通過(guò)對(duì)學(xué)生掃描的分析，帕金森和同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，血液流動(dòng)的模式——神經(jīng)活動(dòng)的一種衡量方式——與不同參與者之間的友誼程度存在高度一致性，甚至在控制了種族、宗教或家庭收入等其他可以解釋神經(jīng)反應(yīng)相似性的因素后依然如此。

The researchers identified particularly revealing regions of pattern concordance among friends, notably in the nucleus accumbens, in the lower forebrain, which is key to reward processing, and in the superior parietal lobule, located toward the top and the back of the brain — roughly at the position of a man bun — where the brain decides how to allocate attention to the external environment.

研究人員找出了那些特別能顯示朋友間模式一致性的區(qū)域，尤其是下前腦負(fù)責(zé)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)處理的伏隔核，以及位于大腦頂部和后部的頂上小葉——大概就在男士丸子頭的位置——這個(gè)區(qū)域決定大腦如何分配對(duì)外部環(huán)境的注意力。

Using the results, the researchers were able to train a computer algorithm to predict, at a rate well above chance, the social distance between two people based on the relative similarity of their neural response patterns.

利用這些結(jié)果，研究人員能夠通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)算法根據(jù)兩個(gè)人的神經(jīng)反應(yīng)模式的相對(duì)相似度來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)他們的社交關(guān)系親密程度。

Parkinson emphasized that the study was a “first pass, a proof of concept,” and that she and her colleagues still don’t know what the neural response patterns mean: what attitudes, opinions, impulses or mental thumb-twiddling the scans may be detecting.

帕金森強(qiáng)調(diào)，這項(xiàng)研究是“第一關(guān)，它證明了一個(gè)概念”，她和同事們依然不知道神經(jīng)反應(yīng)模式的含義：掃描可以探測(cè)到哪些態(tài)度、意見(jiàn)、沖動(dòng)或神經(jīng)活動(dòng)。

They plan next to try the experiment in reverse: to scan incoming students who don’t yet know one another and see whether those with the most congruent neural patterns end up becoming good friends.

接下來(lái)，他們打算進(jìn)行相反的試驗(yàn)：掃描那些相互還不認(rèn)識(shí)的新生，看看那些神經(jīng)模式最一致的學(xué)生最終是否會(huì)成為好朋友。