誰(shuí)應(yīng)該決定監(jiān)獄里允許看什么書(shū)?

誰(shuí)應(yīng)該決定監(jiān)獄里允許看什么書(shū)?

Michael Tafolla says the books he read in prison helped him understand how he had landed there in the first place. He remembers one especially eye-opening title: Illegal: Reflections of an Undocumented Immigrant.

邁克爾·塔弗拉說(shuō)，他在監(jiān)獄里讀的書(shū)幫助他理解了自己最初是如何來(lái)到這里的。他記得一個(gè)特別令人大開(kāi)眼界的標(biāo)題：《非法:無(wú)證移民的反思》。

"The main topic of this book is how a human being is reduced to an action that's perceived by others to be wrong," Tafolla says. "And therefore he is not a human being, but he is a walking, talking, breathing crime act."

“這本書(shū)的主要主題是一個(gè)人是如何淪落為別人認(rèn)為是錯(cuò)誤的行為的，” 塔弗拉說(shuō)。“因此，他不是人，而是一個(gè)會(huì)走路、會(huì)說(shuō)話、會(huì)呼吸的犯罪行為。”

Tafolla was released from Danville Correctional Center in 2018. Not long after, in January 2019. officials at the Illinois prison censored Illegal and about 200 other books, removing them from the library of a college-in-prison program. Officials were concerned about "racially motivated" material, according to documents obtained by Illinois Public Media.

塔弗拉于2018年從丹維爾懲教中心獲釋。不久之后，也就是2019年1月，伊利諾伊州監(jiān)獄的官員審查了非法書(shū)籍和大約200本其他書(shū)籍，將它們從一個(gè)監(jiān)獄大學(xué)項(xiàng)目的圖書(shū)館中移除。根據(jù)伊利諾伊州公共媒體獲得的文件，官員們對(duì)“出于種族動(dòng)機(jī)”的材料感到擔(dān)憂。

Experts say this is just one example of the kind of arbitrary book censorship that incarcerated people face nationwide — censorship that can make it harder to get an education behind bars.

專(zhuān)家們說(shuō)，這只是全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)被監(jiān)禁的人面臨的任意對(duì)書(shū)籍進(jìn)行審查的一個(gè)例子，這種審查會(huì)使人們?cè)讵z中接受教育變得更加困難。

"It's so important for people who are in prison to be able to have access to materials that give them hope and a reason to want to be part of society again, to want to engage, to see the future," says Rebecca Ginsburg of the Education Justice Project. She says she was shocked and angry when she learned the books had been removed from her program's library at Danville.

教育公正項(xiàng)目的麗貝卡·金斯伯格說(shuō):“對(duì)于那些在監(jiān)獄里的人來(lái)說(shuō)，能夠接觸到給他們帶來(lái)希望的材料是非常重要的，這些材料給了他們重新融入社會(huì)的理由，讓他們想要參與其中，看到未來(lái)。”她說(shuō)，當(dāng)她得知這些書(shū)被從她在丹維爾的項(xiàng)目圖書(shū)館拿走時(shí)，她感到震驚和憤怒。

A recent report from PEN America, a nonprofit that advocates for free expression, found that book censorship in U.S. prisons represents "the largest book ban policy in the United States." And while censorship guidelines vary in different prison systems, the restrictions "are often arbitrary, overbroad, opaque, [and] subject to little meaningful review."

倡導(dǎo)言論自由的非營(yíng)利組織美國(guó)筆會(huì)最近發(fā)布的一份報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國(guó)監(jiān)獄的圖書(shū)審查制度代表著“美國(guó)最大的圖書(shū)禁令政策”。雖然審查指導(dǎo)方針在不同的監(jiān)獄系統(tǒng)中有所不同，但這些限制“往往是武斷的、過(guò)于寬泛的、不透明的，(而且)很少受到有意義的審查。”

In Kansas, state prisons don't allow Angie Thomas' young adult novel, The Hate U Give, or Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye — but they do allow Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf.

在堪薩斯州，州立監(jiān)獄不允許安吉·托馬斯的青年小說(shuō)《你所給予的仇恨》或托尼·莫里森的《最藍(lán)的眼睛》，但允許阿道夫·希特勒的《我的奮斗》。

Texas prisons have censored Alice Walker's The Color Purple, which won a Pulitzer Prize; New Hampshire bars Alice Sebold's The Lovely Bones; and Florida has censored multiple books about learning Arabic, Japanese and American Sign Language.

德克薩斯州監(jiān)獄審查了愛(ài)麗絲·沃克的《紫色》，該書(shū)曾獲得普利策獎(jiǎng);新罕布什爾州禁止愛(ài)麗絲·西博爾德的《可愛(ài)的骨頭》;佛羅里達(dá)州已經(jīng)審查了多本關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)阿拉伯語(yǔ)、日語(yǔ)和美國(guó)手語(yǔ)的書(shū)籍。

A 2013 report from the RAND Corporation found that getting an education in prison decreases the likelihood someone will return after they're released.

蘭德公司2013年的一份報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，在監(jiān)獄接受教育會(huì)降低獲釋后返回的可能性。

Diana Woodside, director of policy and legislative affairs for the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, says that of course, some reading material should be banned from prisons.

賓夕法尼亞州懲教部政策和立法事務(wù)主管戴安娜·伍德賽德表示，當(dāng)然，監(jiān)獄應(yīng)該禁止一些閱讀材料。

"There's a lot of how-to books and how-to articles in magazines, such as how to strangle someone with your bare hands — that was an actual article in a very popular men's magazine. ... There's also writings that are specific for inmates: how to escape from handcuffs."

“有很多入門(mén)書(shū)籍和雜志上的入門(mén)文章，比如《如何徒手勒死人》，這是一本非常受歡迎的男性雜志上的一篇真正的文章。…也有專(zhuān)門(mén)針對(duì)囚犯的文章《如何逃脫手銬》。”

Woodside points to two common standards for evaluating publications: "Do they pose a potential threat to the security of the operation of the prisons? Or do they contain nudity or sexually explicit materials?"

伍德賽德指出了評(píng)估出版物的兩個(gè)常見(jiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：“它們是否對(duì)監(jiān)獄運(yùn)作的安全構(gòu)成潛在威脅?或者它們是否包含裸體或露骨的性?xún)?nèi)容?”

Some publications clearly violate those standards — but Woodside acknowledges there's a large gray area.

一些出版物顯然違反了這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但伍德賽德承認(rèn)存在很大的灰色區(qū)域。

"There's a fine line between, you know, imposing our own personal judgment on the quality of the content of that book and making really sound, rational decisions to keep our facilities safe."

“你知道，在把我們個(gè)人的判斷強(qiáng)加給那本書(shū)的內(nèi)容質(zhì)量和做出真正充足、合理的決定以保證我們的設(shè)施安全之間，有一條微妙的界限。”

One of those gray areas is nudity. Woodside says prison officials in Pennsylvania struggle over whether to allow certain graphic novels, specifically from Japan.

其中一個(gè)灰色地帶是裸體。伍德賽德說(shuō)，賓夕法尼亞州的監(jiān)獄官員正在為是否允許某些漫畫(huà)小說(shuō)，特別是來(lái)自日本的漫畫(huà)小說(shuō)而斗爭(zhēng)。