研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，空氣污染“大流行”每年導(dǎo)致近900萬人過早死亡

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，空氣污染“大流行”每年導(dǎo)致近900萬人過早死亡

Global air pollution causes millions of early deaths every year in what researchers are calling an “air pollution pandemic”. On average, people may expect to see a shortened lifespan of about three years, making man-made pollution more deadly than wars, smoking, and other potentially fatal diseases.

全球空氣污染每年導(dǎo)致數(shù)百萬人過早死亡，研究人員稱之為“空氣污染大流行”。平均而言，人們預(yù)期壽命將縮短約3年，這使得人為污染比戰(zhàn)爭、吸煙和其他可能致命的疾病更致命。

Last year marked the first time in a decade that pollution was found to increase in the US despite evidence that cutting pollution saves lives. A growing body of evidence suggests that pollution is not only responsible for an increased risk of death, but also linked to brain atrophy, cancer, and memory loss as well as mental health conditions like depression and suicide. Particulate matter has been found in the placenta of pregnant women and is believed to increase the risk of “silent” miscarriage. It’s even connected to balding.

盡管有證據(jù)表明，減少污染可以挽救生命，但去年美國的污染水平10年來首次出現(xiàn)上升。越來越多的證據(jù)表明，污染不僅是死亡風(fēng)險增加的原因，還與腦萎縮、癌癥、失憶以及抑郁癥和自殺等心理健康狀況有關(guān)。在孕婦的胎盤中發(fā)現(xiàn)了顆粒物，據(jù)信會增加“無聲流產(chǎn)”的風(fēng)險。它甚至與禿頂有關(guān)。

In 2015 alone, air pollution caused an extra 8.8 million premature deaths, write researchers with the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry and the University Medical Centre Mainz in Cardiovascular Research. By comparison, smoking shortens life expectancy by an average of 2.2 years, killing around 7.2 million people each year. HIV/AIDS is responsible for around 1 million deaths, while parasitic and vector-borne diseases like malaria result in around 600,000 deaths. All forms of violence and wars kill even less – 530,000 people.

馬克斯普朗克化學(xué)研究所和美因茨大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心心血管研究的研究人員寫道，僅2015年一年，空氣污染就造成了另外880萬人過早死亡。相比之下，吸煙平均縮短了2.2歲的壽命，每年約有720萬人死于吸煙。艾滋病毒/艾滋病造成約100萬人死亡，而瘧疾等寄生蟲和病媒傳播疾病造成約60萬人死亡。所有形式的暴力和戰(zhàn)爭造成的死亡更少——53萬人。

“We show that about two-thirds of premature deaths are attributable to human-made air pollution, mainly from fossil fuel use; this goes up to 80 percent in high-income countries. Five and a half million deaths worldwide a year are potentially avoidable,” said Thomas Münzel in a statement. If air pollution was reduced by removing fossil fuel emissions, the researchers add that improved air quality could add up to 1 year of life in just over a year. If all human-made emissions were removed, people could see nearly two additional years.

“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，約三分之二的過早死亡是由人類造成的空氣污染造成的，主要來自化石燃料的使用;在高收入國家，這一比例高達(dá)80%。全世界每年有550萬人死亡是可以避免的。如果通過減少化石燃料的排放來減少空氣污染，研究人員補(bǔ)充說，改善的空氣質(zhì)量可以在一年多一點的時間里增加1年的壽命。如果所有的人為排放都被移除，人們可以看到將近兩年的額外時間。

To determine how air pollution impacts six types of respiratory and blood-related diseases, the team used exposure data from various sources of air pollution and applied it to previous work analyzing global exposure and death rates and to data from the Global Burden of Disease. Human-made air pollution was distinguished from naturally sourced pollutants such as wildfire emissions.

為了確定空氣污染如何影響六種與呼吸和血液相關(guān)的疾病，研究小組使用了來自各種空氣污染來源的暴露數(shù)據(jù)，并將其應(yīng)用于之前分析全球暴露和死亡率的工作，以及來自全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)的數(shù)據(jù)。人為造成的空氣污染與自然產(chǎn)生的污染物如野火排放是不同的。

Heat map showing years of life lost each year from air pollution. Cardiovascular Research

Cardiovascular diseases like heart and cerebrovascular disease combined were the most likely to shorten lives, resulting in a 43 percent loss in life expectancy around the world. Air pollution was also shown to disproportionately impact children under the age of five in low-income countries, as well as older people – three-quarters of deaths attributed to air pollution occurred in people over 60.

心腦血管疾病是最有可能縮短壽命的疾病，導(dǎo)致全球預(yù)期壽命下降43%?？諝馕廴緦Φ褪杖雵?歲以下兒童和老年人的影響也不成比例——空氣污染導(dǎo)致的死亡有四分之三發(fā)生在60歲以上的人群中。

"It is remarkable that both the number of deaths and the loss in life expectancy from air pollution rival the effect of tobacco smoking and are much higher than other causes of death. Air pollution exceeds malaria as a global cause of premature death by a factor of 19; it exceeds violence by a factor of 16, HIV/AIDS by a factor of 9, alcohol by a factor of 45, and drug abuse by a factor of 60,” said study author Jos Lelieveld.

“值得注意的是，空氣污染造成的死亡人數(shù)和預(yù)期壽命下降與吸煙的影響相當(dāng)，而且遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于其他死因。”空氣污染導(dǎo)致全球過早死亡的因素比瘧疾多19倍;它比暴力高出16倍，比艾滋病毒/艾滋病高出9倍，比酒精高出45倍，比毒品濫用高出60倍，”研究作者Jos Lelieveld說。

The researchers say that it is the first study to determine how air pollution impacts specific deaths at various ages and across regions.

研究人員表示，這是首次確定空氣污染如何影響不同年齡和不同地區(qū)的特定死亡的研究。

“We believe our results show there is an 'air pollution pandemic'. Policy-makers and the medical community should be paying much more attention to this. Both air pollution and smoking are preventable, but over the past decades much less attention has been paid to air pollution than to smoking, especially among cardiologists,” said Münzel, adding that air pollution measures should be included in national guidelines just like other preventable diseases.

“我們相信，我們的研究結(jié)果表明存在‘空氣污染大流行’。決策者和醫(yī)學(xué)界應(yīng)該對此給予更多的關(guān)注。空氣污染和吸煙都是可以預(yù)防的，但在過去的幾十年里，人們對空氣污染的關(guān)注遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于吸煙，尤其是在心臟病專家中。Münzel補(bǔ)充說，空氣污染措施應(yīng)該像其他可預(yù)防的疾病一樣被納入國家指導(dǎo)方針。

Age distribution of excess mortality from air pollution. Cardiovascular Research