今天,聽力課堂小編在此跟大家分享新東方托福詞匯講義。
第一章 詞匯的記憶方法
一. 基礎(chǔ)記憶方法
只有一種:看過(guò)記住并把它背下來(lái)。
二. 核心輔助記憶方法
1. 詞根詞綴法>>任何其他方法
un-, dis-, -tion, -tive, … 點(diǎn)記
憶 法→面 記 憶法
正如中文的偏旁部首,“釒”,“目”等,或者詞尾“兒”等等。
2. 聯(lián)想記憶法≡自己的方法(扯淡法)
athlete vs agony hippopotamus vs charisma
只要是自己的方法就可以一直記住。但不適合大片記憶,適合記憶一些特殊單詞或 長(zhǎng)時(shí)間難以記住的單詞。
三. 詞匯記憶的誤區(qū)
1. 每個(gè)字母都要背
2. 僅僅聯(lián)想或放棄聯(lián)想
3. 完全放棄
四. 托福對(duì)詞匯的要求
1. 各單項(xiàng)的要求: 閱讀:能根據(jù)上下文或其他線索判斷單詞的釋義,不需要任何與 文章涉及的相關(guān)專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)知識(shí)即可做題。
聽力:掌握大學(xué)生活的日常用語(yǔ)和少數(shù)習(xí)語(yǔ)、詞組的發(fā)音和釋 義 口語(yǔ):基本是自己最善長(zhǎng)的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣,注意發(fā)音。
寫作:自己最熟悉,最常用, 最能把握的單詞,詞組和一些考試常用的習(xí)慣說(shuō)法或句型。盡量避免使用偏詞難詞,避免出現(xiàn)拼寫和用法錯(cuò)誤。
2. 整體對(duì)詞匯數(shù)量和難度要求
2000?3000?5000?還是 8000?甚至 12000?
總量不變 VS 分量增加
五. 背單詞的宏觀計(jì)劃和策略------態(tài)度決定一切
1. 每天 100~150 個(gè)單詞
2. 每天一小時(shí)~兩小時(shí)
3. 每天一篇文章
第二章 詞綴
一. 前綴(Prefix)
在語(yǔ)言學(xué)中被稱作黏著語(yǔ)素(bound morpheme)。本身不具詞義,只是根據(jù)詞根的本義衍生出實(shí)際意義。
tract------protract, retract, extract, abstract, attract, detract, distract, contract, subtract, intractable
真正常見的前綴并不很多,只要記住這些前綴就可以判斷該詞與其詞根的基本關(guān)系,從而幫助記憶。
二. 后綴(Suffix)
亦被稱為黏著語(yǔ)素??梢酝ㄟ^(guò)后綴輕易判斷該詞的詞性,甚至使用方法。
Satisfy, satisfaction, satisfactory, satisfied, satisfying …
-ing 令人…,-ed(人)被…,感到…
三. 應(yīng)用
1. Word class changed
N→V
length+ en→ lengthen
hospital+ ize→ hospitalize
un+ horse → unhorse
dis+ card→ discard
N→Adj
fool+ ish→ foolish
beast+ly→ beastly
delight+ ful→delightful
speech+ less→speechless
virtue+ ous→ virtuous
N→Adj/Adv
clock+ wise→ clockwise(withershins)
earth+ ward→ earthward
V→N
work+ er→ worker
pay+ ee→ payee
inhabit+ ant→ inhabitant
V→Adj
accept+ able→ acceptable
adore+ able→ adorable
Adj→N
mean+ ness→ meanness
rapid+ ity→ rapidity
Adj→V
deaf+ en→ deafen
sweet+ en→ sweeten
Adj→Adv
exact+ ly→ exactly
quick+ ly→ quickly
2. Word class unchanged
N→N
non+ smoker→ nonsmoker
ex+ president→ ex-president
profit+ eer→ profiteer
book+ let→ booklet
V→V
dis+ obey→ disobey
un+ do→ undo
Adj→Adj
tall+ ish→ tallish
il+ logical→ illogical
3. in & im
injustice imperfect
inefficient impenetrable
infirm impossible
4. r→ l
grammar (O.E.)→ glamour (M.E.)
Scots [magic spell]
蘇格蘭語(yǔ) [有魔力的符咒]
alteration of grammar [from the association of learning with magic]
grammar 的變化 [從與學(xué)習(xí)魔法的聯(lián)系中得來(lái)]
peregrinus (Latin)→ pilgrim
marbre (French) → marble
5. 特殊構(gòu)詞法
⑴ Invention 造字
Kodak, Coke, Nylon, granola(格蘭諾拉麥片),
?、?Blending 由組合其他詞的某部分而創(chuàng)造出的新詞
i. 詞前+詞后
transfer + resister → transistor
smoke + fog → smog
positive + electron → positron
boat + hotel → boatel
breakfast + lunch → brunch
television + broadcast → telecast
cremated + remains → cremains(骨灰)
ii. 詞前+詞前
teleprinter + exchange → telex (電報(bào))
modulator + demodulator → modem(調(diào)制解調(diào)器)
analog + computer → anacom(分析計(jì)算機(jī))
digital + computer → digicom(數(shù)字電腦)
insulating + lacquer → insulac(絕緣漆)
iii. Quiz
bash 怒毆 =? channel+ tunnel
smash 打碎, 粉碎 =? spiced+ ham
glimmer 閃爍=? flame+ glare
clash 沖突=? motor+ hotel
flare 閃耀=? bat+ mash
motel 汽車旅館=? smack+ mash
workaholic 專心工作的人=? gleam+ shimmer
spam 垃圾廣告=? chuckle+ snort
chunnel 水底隧道=? work+ alcoholic
chortle 得意地笑=? clap+ crash
?、?Abbreviation 縮寫
i. Cutting the final part (or with a slight variation)
advertisement →ad
bicycle →bike
brassiere →bra
condominium →condo (分戶出售公寓大廈)
delicatessen →deli ( (pl. delis)熟食品 熟食店)
fanatic → fan
mathematics →math
mayonnaise →mayo (蛋黃醬)
narcotics agent →narc (緝查毒品的刑警)
professor → prof
television → telly
ii. Cutting the initial part
aeroplane → plane
helicopter→ copter
caravan→ van(n./v.沙漠, 旅行隊(duì), 大篷車)
omnibus → bus
telephone → phone
iii. Cutting both the initial and final parts accordingly
influenza → flu
refrigerator → fridge
detective → tec
also seen in names:
Robert → Bob
Edward → Ed
Elizabeth → Liza
Michael → Mike
and in educational domain:
chem for chemistry
exam for examination
gym for gymnasium
lab for laboratory
⑷ Acronym 只取首字母的縮寫詞
EEC→ European Economic Community
CIA→ Central Intelligence Agency
PLO→ Palestine Liberation Organization
UNESCO→ United Nations Education Science and Culture Organization
WTO→ World Trade Organization
WB→ World Bank
DINK→ Double Income No Kids
Shortening:
Aids→ acquired immune deficiency syndrome 獲得性免疫缺損綜合癥
EEG→ electroencephalogram 腦電圖描記器
Radar→ Radio detecting and ranging
MANIAC→ mathematical analyzer numerical integrator and computer 數(shù)學(xué)分析器數(shù)值積分器和計(jì)算機(jī)
COBOL→ common business oriented language 面向商業(yè)的通用語(yǔ)言
WASP→ white Anglo-Saxon protestant
VAT→ value added tax 增值稅
?、?Back-formation 逆構(gòu)詞法
gangling → gangle
editor → edit
peddler → peddle
hawker → hawk
enthusiasm→ enthuse
laser → lase
calmative →calm
?、?Borrowing
Chinese: taji, chow mien, wok, kung-fu
Japanese: judo
小編希望所寫內(nèi)容能對(duì)大家有所幫助哦!