與開(kāi)罪伊斯蘭教有關(guān)的襲擊事件

Perceived Anti-Islam Insults in the Media Have Often Led to Retributions and Threats

與開(kāi)罪伊斯蘭教有關(guān)的襲擊事件

The assault on the Paris offices of Charlie Hebdo, a French newspaper that has repeatedly satirized religion, was one of the deadliest in a history of violent retributions or threats against the media over the mockery of Islam.

媒體因?yàn)槌爸S伊斯蘭教而遭受武力報(bào)復(fù)或威脅的歷史由來(lái)已久，《查理周報(bào)》(Charlie Hebdo)巴黎辦公室遭遇的襲擊則是迄今為止死亡人數(shù)最多的一次。這家法國(guó)報(bào)紙?jiān)l繁發(fā)表宗教諷刺內(nèi)容。

The responses to perceived offenses have included assassinations of journalists and writers and attacks on the institutions that published their work. The responses also have broadened in recent years, targeting bloggers and Internet videos.

宗教人士在感覺(jué)被冒犯之后做出的回應(yīng)包括，刺殺相關(guān)記者和作家，襲擊出版機(jī)構(gòu)。最近幾年，報(bào)復(fù)行動(dòng)的范圍擴(kuò)大，博客作者和網(wǎng)絡(luò)視頻也成為了他們的目標(biāo)。

While all religions have committed violent acts and issued threats against insults, Islam is considered especially sensitive, partly because of strict prohibitions on the rendering of images of the Prophet Muhammad and other religious depictions.

所有的宗教面對(duì)不敬都采取過(guò)暴力行動(dòng)或發(fā)出威脅，但伊斯蘭教被外界認(rèn)為尤其敏感，部分原因是，伊斯蘭教嚴(yán)格禁止使用先知穆罕默德的形象以及其他對(duì)這一宗教的描述。

In a number of countries where Islam is the prevailing religion, such insults are crimes, some punishable by death.

在以伊斯蘭教為主要信仰的多個(gè)國(guó)家，此類(lèi)褻瀆行為都屬于犯罪，有時(shí)甚至要面臨死刑的懲罰。

Here are some of the notable attacks over the past few decades:

以下是過(guò)去幾十年一些著名的襲擊事件：

February 1989 — Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, then the supreme leader of Iran, issues a death sentence against Salman Rushdie, author of “The Satanic Verses,” for blaspheming Islam, forcing Mr. Rushdie into hiding. Others are also targeted for roles in publishing translations of the book, including Japanese and Italian translators who are stabbed, one fatally.

1989年2月——時(shí)任伊朗最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人阿亞圖拉·魯霍拉·霍梅尼(Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini)判處《撒旦詩(shī)篇》(The Satanic Verses)的作者薩爾曼·拉什迪(Salman Rushdie)死刑，罪名是褻瀆伊斯蘭教，拉什迪被迫躲了起來(lái)。還有一些人把參與該書(shū)譯本出版的人作為目標(biāo)，該書(shū)的日文譯者和意大利文譯者遇襲，其中一人被刺死。

June 1992 — Farag Fouda, a columnist for the Egyptian weekly magazine October, is fatally wounded by an assassin from a Muslim extremist group over Mr. Fouda’s outspoken opposition to religious fundamentalism.

1992年6月——埃及周刊《十月》(October)的專(zhuān)欄作者法拉杰·富達(dá)(Farag Fouda)遇刺身亡，原因是富達(dá)曾公開(kāi)表達(dá)對(duì)宗教原教旨主義的反對(duì)，刺殺者來(lái)自一個(gè)穆斯林極端組織。

November 2004 — Theo van Gogh, a Dutch filmmaker and provocative television host, is slain on an Amsterdam street by a Moroccan Dutchman to avenge what the killer regarded as Mr. Van Gogh’s anti-Islamic work. Mr. Van Gogh had collaborated with Ayaan Hirsi Ali, a Somali refugee-turned-Dutch politician, on “Submission: Part 1,” a short film in which verses of the Quran were written on the bodies of naked women to protest their treatment by men. Ms. Hirsi Ali received police protection after the film was shown on Dutch television, but Mr. Van Gogh had refused such protection.

2004年11月——荷蘭電影導(dǎo)演、言行挑釁的電視節(jié)目主持人特奧·梵高(Theo van Gogh)在阿姆斯特丹的大街上被一名摩洛哥裔荷蘭人殺害，兇手認(rèn)為梵高的作品反對(duì)伊斯蘭而對(duì)其進(jìn)行了報(bào)復(fù)。梵高曾在短片《服從：第一部》 (Submission: Part 1)中與曾是索馬里難民的荷蘭政壇人物阿雅安·哈爾西·阿里(Ayaan Hirsi Ali)有過(guò)合作。該片中，《古蘭經(jīng)》(Quran)的經(jīng)文被寫(xiě)在了女性的裸體上，以抗議男性對(duì)待她們的方式。影片在荷蘭電視臺(tái)上播出后，哈爾西·阿里得到了警方的保護(hù)，但梵高拒絕了這種保護(hù)。

September 2005 — The publication of cartoons lampooning the Prophet Muhammad in Jyllands-Posten, a Danish newspaper, inspire a wave of replications by other newspapers and death threats against the cartoonists and others deemed responsible. Charlie Hebdo republished those cartoons.

2005年9月——丹麥《日德蘭郵報(bào)》(Jyllands-Posten)刊登了諷刺先知穆罕默德的漫畫(huà)，引發(fā)了其他報(bào)紙的轉(zhuǎn)載浪潮，相關(guān)漫畫(huà)家和其他一些被認(rèn)為應(yīng)對(duì)此事負(fù)責(zé)的人收到了死亡威脅?！恫槔碇軋?bào)》也轉(zhuǎn)載了那些漫畫(huà)。

September 2006 — Masked gunmen abduct and behead Mohammed Taha Mohammed Ahmed, the editor in chief of Al Wifaq, a Sudanese newspaper, after he d angered Islamists by publishing an article about the Prophet Muhammad.

2006年9月——蒙面槍手綁架了蘇丹報(bào)紙《聯(lián)邦》(Al Wifaq)的主編穆罕默德·塔哈·穆罕默德·艾哈邁德(Mohammed Taha Mohammed Ahmed)并將其斬首。早前，他因?yàn)榘l(fā)表了一篇有關(guān)先知穆罕默德的文章而激怒了伊斯蘭教主義者。

September 2012 — “The Innocence of Muslims,” a vulgar American-made video about Muhammad that was spread via the Internet, leads to waves of violent protests against United States embassies around the world, and is considered a contributing element to the attack on the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi, Libya, that killed four Americans, including the ambassador.

2012年9月——一則美國(guó)人制作的粗劣視頻《穆斯林的無(wú)知》(The Innocence of Muslims)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上傳開(kāi)。有關(guān)穆罕默德的這段視頻，在全球引發(fā)了針對(duì)美國(guó)大使館的暴力抗議浪潮，并被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致美國(guó)位于利比亞班加西的外交駐地遇襲的原因之一。那場(chǎng)襲擊導(dǎo)致四名美國(guó)人死亡，包括一名大使。