父子兩代州長(zhǎng)，不一樣的加州夢(mèng)

Brown’s Arid California, Thanks Partly to His Father

父子兩代州長(zhǎng)，不一樣的加州夢(mèng)

LOS ANGELES — When Edmund G. Brown Sr. was governor of California, people were moving in at a pace of 1,000 a day. With a jubilant Mr. Brown officiating, California commemorated the moment it became the nation’s largest state, in 1962, with a church-bell-ringing, four-day celebration. He was the boom-boom governor for a boom-boom time: championing highways, universities and, most consequential, a sprawling water network to feed the explosion of agriculture and development in the dry reaches of central and Southern California.

洛杉磯——當(dāng)老埃德蒙·G·布朗(Edmund G. Brown Sr.)擔(dān)任加州州長(zhǎng)時(shí)，平均每天有1000人搬到該州。1962年，在布朗熱情洋溢的主持下，加州慶祝了成為美國(guó)第一大州的那一刻。教堂鐘聲響起，為期四天的慶?；顒?dòng)拉開(kāi)帷幕。他是繁榮時(shí)期一位有魄力的州長(zhǎng)：支持建造公路、大學(xué)，以及最具深遠(yuǎn)影響的龐大供水網(wǎng)絡(luò)，滿足農(nóng)業(yè)的迅速擴(kuò)展，以及加州中南部干旱地區(qū)的發(fā)展。

Nearly 50 years later, it has fallen to Mr. Brown’s only son, Gov. Jerry Brown, to manage the modern-day California that his father helped to create. The state is prospering, with a population of more than double the 15.5 million it had when Mr. Brown, known as Pat, became governor in 1959. But California, the seventh-largest economy in the world, is confronting fundamental questions about its limits and growth, fed by the collision of the severe drought dominating Jerry Brown’s final years as governor and the water and energy demands — from homes, industries and farms, not to mention pools, gardens and golf courses — driven by the aggressive growth policies advocated by his father during his two terms in office.

大約50年后，輪到布朗唯一的兒子杰瑞·布朗(Jerry Brown)執(zhí)掌當(dāng)代加州，一個(gè)由他父親參與創(chuàng)建的加州。加州繁榮發(fā)展，人口數(shù)達(dá)到了老布朗——又被稱為帕特(Pat)——1959年擔(dān)任州長(zhǎng)時(shí)的 1550萬(wàn)人口的兩倍多。但作為世界第七大經(jīng)濟(jì)體，加州正面臨有關(guān)限制及增長(zhǎng)的根本問(wèn)題，其原因來(lái)自兩方面的碰撞。一方面是杰瑞·布朗州長(zhǎng)任期最后幾年出現(xiàn)大旱的情況，而另一方面就是家庭、工業(yè)及農(nóng)場(chǎng)需要大量水和能源的現(xiàn)實(shí)，更不用說(shuō)還有水塘、花園及高爾夫球場(chǎng)。而其父在兩個(gè)任期內(nèi)曾推出積極增長(zhǎng)政策，從而促使上述領(lǐng)域快速發(fā)展。

The stark challenge that confronts this state is putting a spotlight on a father and son who, as much as any two people, define modern-day California. They are strikingly different symbols of different eras, with divergent styles and distinct views of government, growth and the nature of California itself.

該州面臨的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)讓大家的目光投向了這一對(duì)父子，他們比其他任何兩人都更多地塑造了現(xiàn)代加州。他們來(lái)自不同時(shí)代，象征著截然不同的東西，風(fēng)格迥異，并對(duì)政府、發(fā)展和加州本身的性質(zhì)持有大不相同的看法。

Pat Brown, who died in 1996 at the age of 90, was the embodiment of the post-World War II explosion, when people flocked to this vast and beckoning state in search of a new life. “He loved that California was getting bigger when he was governor,” said Ethan Rarick, who wrote a biography of Pat Brown and directs the Robert T. Matsui Center for Politics and Public Service at the University of California, Berkeley. “Pat saw an almost endless capacity for California growth.”

帕特·布朗于1996年逝世，享年90歲。他是二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后迅猛發(fā)展的體現(xiàn)。當(dāng)時(shí)人們涌入這個(gè)幅員遼闊、極具吸引力的州，尋求一種新的生活。“他擔(dān)任州長(zhǎng)時(shí)，加州不斷發(fā)展壯大，他喜歡這種感覺(jué)，”帕特·布朗的傳記作者、加州大學(xué)伯克利分校(University of California, Berkeley)松井武男政治與公共服務(wù)中心(Robert T. Matsui Center for Politics and Public Service)負(fù)責(zé)人伊桑·拉里克(Ethan Rarick)說(shuō)。“帕特認(rèn)為加州擁有幾乎無(wú)窮盡的發(fā)展能力。”

Jerry Brown arrived in Sacramento for the first of two stints he would serve as governor in 1975 — just over eight years after Pat Brown was defeated for re-election by Ronald Reagan. He was, at 36, the austere contrast to his father, a product of the post-Watergate and post-Vietnam era, wary of the kind of brawny, interventionist view of government that animated Pat Brown. The environmental movement had emerged in the years between Pat Brown’s defeat and Jerry Brown’s arrival — the first Earth Day and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries oil embargo took place during that period — and among its most passionate adherents was Pat Brown’s son.

杰瑞·布朗兩度擔(dān)任加州州長(zhǎng)，他于1975年，也就是帕特·布朗在連任競(jìng)選中敗給羅納德·里根(Ronald Reagan)的八年之后，到達(dá)薩克拉門(mén)托，開(kāi)始了第一個(gè)任期。那時(shí)，36歲的布朗與其父形成鮮明對(duì)比，他是后水門(mén)事件時(shí)代及后越戰(zhàn)時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物，不認(rèn)同帕特·布朗所熱衷的強(qiáng)大政府及其干涉主義行事風(fēng)格。在帕特·布朗競(jìng)選失敗與杰瑞·布朗首次上任之間的時(shí)間里，環(huán)保運(yùn)動(dòng)橫空出世。在那段時(shí)間里，出現(xiàn)了第一個(gè)地球日(Earth Day)及石油輸出國(guó)組織(Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)的石油出口禁令。當(dāng)時(shí)，帕特·布朗的這個(gè)兒子是環(huán)保運(yùn)動(dòng)最熱誠(chéng)的擁護(hù)者之一。

If Pat Brown wanted the stunningly ambitious California State Water Project that he muscled into law to “be a monument to me,” as he later said of what was the most expensive public works project in the state’s history, Jerry Brown championed the modest if intellectually provocative “Small Is Beautiful” viewpoint espoused by the economist E. F. Schumacher, which emphasized the dangers of depleting natural resources. (Mr. Brown flew to London to speak at Schumacher’s funeral in 1977.) As governor, Jerry Brown spoke of limits and respect for the fragility of the planet from the moment he took office.

如果說(shuō)帕特·布朗希望他強(qiáng)力推動(dòng)、并使之成為法律的宏大的加州水資源計(jì)劃(California State Water Project)成為“我留下的豐碑”——就像他后來(lái)提到該州歷史上耗資最大的公共工程計(jì)劃時(shí)說(shuō)的那樣，杰瑞宣揚(yáng)的則是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家E·F·舒馬赫(E.F. Schumacher)提出的“小即是美”(Small Is Beautiful)的觀點(diǎn)，這個(gè)并不宏大的觀點(diǎn)在知識(shí)界曾頗具爭(zhēng)議性，強(qiáng)調(diào)了消耗自然資源的危險(xiǎn)。(布朗于1977年飛往倫敦參加舒馬赫的葬禮并發(fā)表講話。)作為州長(zhǎng)，杰瑞·布朗自上任伊始，就開(kāi)始談?wù)撨@個(gè)脆弱星球面臨的限制，以及對(duì)它的尊重。

“He positioned himself as very, very different from my father,” said Kathleen Brown, who is Mr. Brown’s youngest sister. “Some looked at it as a psychological battle between father and son. I don’t think it was that at all. I think it was a coming-of-age in a different period. The consciousness that our resources were limited was just beginning to take hold in the broader community.”

“他對(duì)自己的定位與先父完全不同，”布朗最小的妹妹凱瑟琳·布朗(Kathleen Brown)說(shuō)。“有人將這看作是父親與兒子之間的心理戰(zhàn)。我認(rèn)為根本不是這么回事。我覺(jué)得這是成長(zhǎng)于不同時(shí)期所造成的差異。當(dāng)年，那種資源有限的意識(shí)剛剛開(kāi)始在更廣泛的人群中扎根。”

Since taking office as governor for the second time, in 2011, Jerry Brown has again been the voice of limits — though this time, his view is informed less by the theories of environmentalists and more by the demands of trying to manage a drought of historic proportions. One month Mr. Brown is ordering a 25 percent reduction in the use of potable water in urban communities; the next he is pressing for a 40 percent cut in greenhouse gas emissions to battle the choking pollution that is another byproduct of the heady growth.

自杰瑞·布朗于2011年開(kāi)始第二個(gè)任期以來(lái)，他再次提出資源有限的觀點(diǎn)，盡管這次他的觀點(diǎn)更多的不是受環(huán)保主義理論的影響，而是源自努力應(yīng)對(duì)史上罕見(jiàn)旱情的需要。布朗剛剛要求城市社區(qū)的飲用水量減少25%，接下來(lái)就要求將溫室氣體排放量減少40%，以對(duì)抗令人窒息的污染，而污染是快速發(fā)展造成的另一個(gè)附帶結(jié)果。

“We are dealing with different periods,” Mr. Brown said in an interview. “The word ‘environment’ wasn’t used then: You talked about conservation. Environmentalism came in after my father left. There was this sense that we can become No. 1 ahead of New York — they rang church bells when we did — but now, you fast-forward 60 years later, and people are concerned about whether the water is available, the cost to the environment, how to pay for suburban infrastructure.”

“我們應(yīng)對(duì)的是不同時(shí)期的問(wèn)題，”杰瑞·布朗接受采訪時(shí)說(shuō)。“當(dāng)年人們還不怎么使用‘環(huán)境’一詞，談的都是保護(hù)。我父親離開(kāi)后才出現(xiàn)環(huán)保主義這個(gè)說(shuō)法。當(dāng)時(shí)有那種我們能超越紐約，成為第一的感覺(jué)。當(dāng)我們做到這一點(diǎn)時(shí)，他們紛紛慶祝。但現(xiàn)在，快進(jìn)到60年后的今天，人們擔(dān)心的是，是否有水可用，對(duì)環(huán)境的影響，以及怎么支付郊區(qū)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的費(fèi)用。”

“All of these insights and concerns developed after most of his governorship,” Mr. Brown said of his father. “But they preceded mine — and they have intensified.”

“在他的任期過(guò)了大半時(shí)間后，才出現(xiàn)這些深刻看法及擔(dān)憂，”杰瑞·布朗提到他父親時(shí)說(shuō)。“但它們出現(xiàn)在我的任期之前，而且自那時(shí)起愈演愈烈。”

The House That Pat Built

帕特的功績(jī)

When Pat Brown, then 53 and the state attorney general, was elected governor in 1958, the Republicans controlled both houses of the Legislature and most statewide offices. He swept to victory in an election that signaled a new direction for California: Brown was a Republican turned Democrat who identified with the New Deal policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

1958年，時(shí)年53歲的州總檢察長(zhǎng)帕特·布朗當(dāng)選為州長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)時(shí)，共和黨控制著議會(huì)兩院和全州范圍內(nèi)的大部分機(jī)構(gòu)。他在一次選舉中以壓倒性優(yōu)勢(shì)獲勝。那次選舉標(biāo)志著加州的新方向：布朗是一名從共和黨轉(zhuǎn)變而來(lái)的民主黨人，認(rèn)同富蘭克林·D·羅斯福(Franklin D. Roosevelt)的“新政”(New Deal)政策。

“He really in many ways built the modern California that we know,” said Raphael J. Sonenshein, the executive director of the Edmund G. “Pat” Brown Institute for Public Affairs at California State University, Los Angeles. “Even though he only had two terms, they were enormously consequential. I have to think that the California that we live in bears his stamp more than that of any other governor.”

“他真的在很多方面打造了我們所知道的這個(gè)現(xiàn)代的加利福尼亞，” 加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校埃德蒙·G·“帕特”·布朗公共事務(wù)研究所(Edmund G. “Pat” Brown Institute for Public Affairs at California State University, Los Angeles)的執(zhí)行主管拉斐爾·J·索南沙因(Raphael J. Sonenshein)說(shuō)。“只當(dāng)了兩屆，但那兩屆影響巨大。我必須承認(rèn)，他在我們現(xiàn)在所生活的加州留下的印記，比其他任何州長(zhǎng)都多。”

The new governor pledged in his inaugural address to follow “the path of responsible liberalism.” He rejected warnings from aides about the state’s deficit, and advocated tax increases to finance spending on school construction, parks and transportation. During his years in power, the state built three new campuses for the University of California and six more for the state college system — though that was not his top interest.

那時(shí)，他作為新州長(zhǎng)在就職演說(shuō)中承諾，將遵循“負(fù)責(zé)任的自由主義道路”。他拒絕了助手有關(guān)該州赤字的警告，支持增稅，以便為學(xué)校建設(shè)、公園和交通運(yùn)輸開(kāi)支提供資金。在他當(dāng)權(quán)的那些年里，該州為加州大學(xué)修了三個(gè)分校，并為該州高校體系建了六所學(xué)校。而這還不算是他最關(guān)心的領(lǐng)域。

“Water was the No. 1 thing on his agenda,” said Martin Schiesl, a professor emeritus of history at California State University. In his first year in office, Pat Brown persuaded the Legislature to pass and send to voters a $1.75 billion bond to begin the state water project — a network of dams, pipes and an aqueduct designed to take water from the relatively wet north to Southern California, where 80 percent of the population lived.

“水是他當(dāng)時(shí)要處理的首要問(wèn)題，”加州州立大學(xué)(California State University)歷史學(xué)榮休教授馬丁·席澤爾(Martin Schiesl)說(shuō)。執(zhí)政第一年，帕特·布朗說(shuō)服州議會(huì)通過(guò)了一項(xiàng)17.5億美元的債券計(jì)劃，并向選民兜售，以便開(kāi)始州級(jí)水利項(xiàng)目——這是一個(gè)由水壩、管道和一條引水渠組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，旨在把水資源從相對(duì)濕潤(rùn)的加州北部輸送到州里80%的人口聚居的南部。

Pat Brown was offering an ambitious vision of California as he campaigned across the state for the measure: California as its own vast and diverse nation, where the water of the north would feed the population and farm growth to the south. “He thought it was irresponsible not to plan for the growth that was coming,” Kathleen Brown said. “He used to say, ‘If you don’t want to manage and build for this growth today, we’ll have to do something else tomorrow.’ ”

在州內(nèi)各個(gè)地方為這項(xiàng)提案做宣傳時(shí)，帕特·布朗勾畫(huà)了一個(gè)關(guān)于加州的宏偉藍(lán)圖：加州本身就是個(gè)廣闊而多元的地方，北部的水資源能夠供養(yǎng)南部的人口，并保障那里的農(nóng)業(yè)增長(zhǎng)。“他認(rèn)為，不為將來(lái)的增長(zhǎng)做打算，是不負(fù)責(zé)任的行為，”凱瑟琳·布朗(Kathleen Brown)說(shuō)。“他常說(shuō)，‘如果你今天不愿意為這種增長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行管理和建設(shè)方面的工作，我們明天就不得不去做額外的事情。’”

In a letter cited in “California Rising: The Life and Times of Pat Brown,” the biography by Mr. Rarick, Pat Brown argued that he had no choice. “What are we to do? Build barriers around California and say nobody else can come in because we don’t have enough water to go around?”

拉里克撰寫(xiě)的傳記《加州的崛起：帕特·布朗及其時(shí)代》(California Rising: The Life and Times of Pat Brown)中引用了一封信。帕特·布朗在其中表示，自己別無(wú)選擇。“我們?cè)撛趺崔k?用柵欄把加州團(tuán)團(tuán)圍住，說(shuō)其他人等不得入內(nèi)，就因?yàn)槲覀儧](méi)有足夠的水資源?”

A New Tone

新基調(diào)

Jerry Brown did not originally go into the family business, spending his years as a young man as a Jesuit studying for the priesthood. He spent three years in the seminary, before emerging to prepare for law school and what would prove to be an almost- unbroken lifetime in public office. When he became governor, he arrived in the shadow of his father, who had gone from having an outsize reputation to a second-term decline and defeat in 1966 as he struggled with student unrest at Berkeley and a conservative shift by the electorate.

杰瑞·布朗剛開(kāi)始并沒(méi)有子承父業(yè)，年輕時(shí)曾作為耶穌會(huì)士而研習(xí)神職。他在神學(xué)院度過(guò)三年，后來(lái)才為進(jìn)入法學(xué)院做準(zhǔn)備，隨后開(kāi)始了幾乎不曾間斷的公職生涯。在他成為州長(zhǎng)的時(shí)候，父親的陰影隨之而來(lái)。他父親最初享有很高的聲望，卻在第二任期時(shí)人氣急跌，后來(lái)因?yàn)槠Ｓ趹?yīng)對(duì)伯克利的學(xué)生運(yùn)動(dòng)，再加上選民朝保守主義的轉(zhuǎn)變，他在1966年落敗。

Jerry Brown’s new tone was clear from his first inaugural address as he warned of “the rising cost of energy, the depletion of our resources, the threat to the environment, the uncertainty of our economy and the monetary system, the lack of faith in government, the drift in political and moral leadership.”

杰瑞·布朗的新基調(diào)在第一次州長(zhǎng)就職演說(shuō)中就表現(xiàn)得很清晰，他對(duì)“日益增長(zhǎng)的能源成本、資源的損耗、環(huán)境所受到的威脅、我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)和貨幣體系面臨的不確定性、政府公信力的缺乏，以及政治和道德領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力方面的偏移”發(fā)出了警告。

With one notable exception — he campaigned, unsuccessfully, to win voter support for another water tunnel to finish his father’s project, which to this day he calls essential to the state’s long-term health — this would not be an administration about building roads, bridges, dams or college campuses. Instead, Mr. Brown focused on policies that regulated growth.

這將不是一屆致力于修建道路、橋梁、大壩或大學(xué)校園的政府。布朗關(guān)注的是調(diào)控增長(zhǎng)的政策。不過(guò)，還是有一個(gè)引人注意的例外：他曾試圖贏得選民對(duì)又一條引水渠的支持，從而完成父親的工程，但未能成功。迄今為止，他一直說(shuō)該工程對(duì)加州的長(zhǎng)期健康發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。

Still, if Jerry Brown is different as a governor from his father, he is different from what he was 40 years ago as well. Even as he talks about strains on California, he is championing the kind of big projects that his father was known for: a high-speed train line from San Francisco to Los Angeles and two massive underground pipelines. The pipelines would help convey water through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, east of San Francisco, to central and Southern California — the state water project his father began. Some of that, no doubt, reflects the consideration of a man who realizes he has only so many years left in office. “Jerry has appreciated, as time has passed, that leaving a legacy as a political figure often requires concrete,” Kathleen Brown said. “My father’s legacy is very much tied and identified with building. Jerry’s first term was very much more about ideas and fundamental shifts in the focus of government.”

不過(guò)，如果說(shuō)杰瑞·布朗作為州長(zhǎng)與父親有所不同，那么他與40年前的自己也不一樣。就算會(huì)談?wù)摷又菝媾R的壓力，他仍在支持讓他父親聞名的那種大工程：從舊金山到洛杉磯的高鐵線路，以及兩個(gè)大型的地下管道項(xiàng)目。這些管道將把水從舊金山以東的薩克拉門(mén)托-圣華金河三角洲輸送到加州的中部和南部——這屬于他父親開(kāi)啟的州級(jí)水利項(xiàng)目。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，其中有些元素反映出他意識(shí)到了自己在任的時(shí)間有限。“隨著時(shí)間的流逝，杰瑞已經(jīng)體會(huì)到，作為一個(gè)政治人物，留下的政績(jī)往往需要是有形的東西，”凱瑟琳·布朗說(shuō)。“先父的政績(jī)很大程度上與建筑工程密不可分。杰瑞的第一個(gè)任期更多地強(qiáng)調(diào)理念，以及政府關(guān)注點(diǎn)方面的根本性轉(zhuǎn)變。”

Still, Mr. Brown said he would have done what his father did if he had been governor during Pat Brown’s era — and expected that his father would be doing the same thing Jerry Brown is doing were he running the state today.

不過(guò)，杰瑞·布朗表示，如果在帕特·布朗的時(shí)代擔(dān)任州長(zhǎng)，他會(huì)采取和父親同樣的做法，而且他認(rèn)為，如果父親在今天擔(dān)任州長(zhǎng)，也會(huì)做和自己同樣的事。