中國(guó)政府采購將蘋果,思科和英特爾拒之門外
中國(guó)的政府采購名單剔除了一些全球領(lǐng)先技術(shù)品牌，同時(shí)，數(shù)千種國(guó)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品被納入其中。有人認(rèn)為，這是中國(guó)在西方的全面網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)控遭到披露后所采取的應(yīng)對(duì)措施。
Others put the shift down to a protectionist impulseto shield China’s domestic technology industry fromcompetition.
也有人將此斥為保護(hù)主義，稱其目的是防止國(guó)內(nèi)科技行業(yè)受到競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的沖擊。
Chief casualty is U.S. network equipment maker Cisco Systems Inc CSCO -0.47% , which in2012 counted 60 products on the Central Government Procurement Center’s (CGPC) list, butby late 2014 had none, a Reuters analysis of official data shows.
損失最大的是美國(guó)網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備制造商思科系統(tǒng)公司。路透社對(duì)官方數(shù)據(jù)的分析顯示，2012年思科公司有60種產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入了《中央政府采購名錄》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《名錄》)，到2014年底，這個(gè)數(shù)字變成了零。
Smartphone and PC maker Apple Inc INTC -1.35% security software firm McAfee and networkand server software firm Citrix Systems .
智能手機(jī)和電腦制造商蘋果公司、殺毒軟件制造商邁克菲公司和網(wǎng)絡(luò)及服務(wù)器軟件公司思杰系統(tǒng)也受到了影響。
The number of products on the list, which covers regular spending by central ministries, jumpedby more than 2,000 in two years to just under 5,000, but the increase is almost entirely due tolocal makers.
《名錄》覆蓋了中央政府部門的常規(guī)支出。它所包含的產(chǎn)品數(shù)量在兩年內(nèi)增加了2000多種，總數(shù)幾乎達(dá)到5000種，但新增的差不多都是國(guó)產(chǎn)商品。
The number of approved foreign tech brands fell by a third, while less than half of those withsecurity-related products survived the cull.
《名錄》中的外國(guó)科技品牌總體減少了三分之一，而產(chǎn)品與信息安全有關(guān)的外國(guó)公司只剩下了一小半。
An official at the procurement agency said there were many reasons why local makers might bepreferred, including sheer weight of numbers and the fact that domestic security technologyfirms offered more product guarantees than overseas rivals.
中央國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)政府采購中心的一位官員表示，國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)可能更受青睞的原因有很多，比如它們數(shù)量眾多，而且國(guó)內(nèi)信息安全技術(shù)公司在質(zhì)保方面也超過了海外競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。
China’s change of tack coincided with leaks by former U.S. National Security Agency (NSA)contractor Edward Snowden in mid-2013 that exposed several global surveillance program,many of them run by the NSA with the cooperation of telecom companies and Europeangovernments.
2013年年中，美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局前承包商愛德華o斯諾登曝光了美國(guó)政府的一些全球監(jiān)控項(xiàng)目，其中多個(gè)項(xiàng)目都由國(guó)安局負(fù)責(zé)，并得到了電信公司和歐洲各國(guó)政府的協(xié)助。中國(guó)政府的采購行為也恰好在這個(gè)時(shí)候發(fā)生了變化。
“The Snowden incident, it’s become a real concern, especially for top leaders,” said Tu Xinquan,Associate Director of the China Institute of WTO Studies at the University of InternationalBusiness and Economics in Beijing. “In some sense the American government has someresponsibility for that; (China’s) concerns have some legitimacy.”
對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)中國(guó)世界貿(mào)易組織研究院執(zhí)行院長(zhǎng)屠新泉表示：“斯諾登事件確實(shí)讓人擔(dān)心，特別是對(duì)首腦人物來說。從某種意義上講，美國(guó)政府對(duì)此負(fù)有一定責(zé)任;(中國(guó)的)顧慮則有一定的道理。”
Cybersecurity has been a significant irritant in U.S.-China ties, with both sides accusing theother of abuses.
網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全一直是中美關(guān)系的一大隱患，兩國(guó)都指責(zé)對(duì)方有不當(dāng)行為。
U.S. tech groups wrote last month to the Chinese administration complaining about some ofits new cybersecurity regulations, some of which force technology vendors to Chinese banks tohand over secret source code and adopt Chinese encryption algorithms.
上個(gè)月，美國(guó)科技行業(yè)團(tuán)體致函中國(guó)政府部門，對(duì)后者的一些網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全新規(guī)表達(dá)了不滿。受部分新規(guī)定影響，為一些中國(guó)銀行提供技術(shù)服務(wù)的美國(guó)公司不得不提供屬于公司機(jī)密的源代碼并使用中國(guó)的加密算法。
The CGPC list, which details products by brand and type, is approved by China’s Ministry ofFinance, the CGPC official said. The list does not detail what quantity of a product has beenpurchased, and does not bind local government or state-owned enterprises, nor the military,which runs its own system of procurement approval.
《名錄》詳細(xì)列出了各類產(chǎn)品的品牌和型號(hào)。上文中提到的中央國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)政府采購中心官員稱，這份目錄由財(cái)政部負(fù)責(zé)審批?！睹洝凡惶峁┮巡少彯a(chǎn)品的詳細(xì)數(shù)量，對(duì)地方政府、國(guó)企以及采購審批自成一體的軍隊(duì)沒有約束力。
The Ministry of Finance declined immediate comment.
財(cái)政部方面拒絕立即就此發(fā)表評(píng)論。
“We have previously acknowledged that geopolitical concerns have impacted our business incertain emerging markets,” said a Cisco spokesman.
思科發(fā)言人稱：“我們之前已經(jīng)承認(rèn)，地緣政治方面的顧慮已經(jīng)對(duì)我們?cè)谀承┬屡d市場(chǎng)的業(yè)務(wù)產(chǎn)生了影響。”
An Intel spokesman said the company had frequent conversations at various levels of the U.S.and Chinese governments, but did not provide further details.
英特爾發(fā)言人指出，該公司頻繁和中美各級(jí)政府進(jìn)行對(duì)話，但未進(jìn)一步說明詳情。
Apple declined to comment, and Citrix was not immediately available to comment.
蘋果公司拒絕發(fā)表評(píng)論。筆者尚未與思杰系統(tǒng)取得聯(lián)系。
Industry insiders also see in the changing profile of the CGPC list a wider strategic goal to helpChinese tech firms get a bigger slice of China’s information and communications technologymarket, which is tipped to grow 11.4 percent to $465.6 billion in 2015, according to techresearch firm IDC.
業(yè)內(nèi)人士還認(rèn)為，《名錄》內(nèi)容的變化還體現(xiàn)了一個(gè)更大的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，那就是幫助中國(guó)科技企業(yè)在國(guó)內(nèi)IT市場(chǎng)獲得更多份額?？萍夹袠I(yè)研究機(jī)構(gòu)IDC預(yù)計(jì)，2015年，這個(gè)市場(chǎng)的規(guī)模將增長(zhǎng)11.4%，達(dá)到4656億美元。
“There’s no doubt that the SOE segment of the market has been favoring the local indigenouscontent,” said an executive at a Western technology firm who declined to be identified.
一位拒絕提及其姓名的西方科技公司高管稱：“毫無疑問，這個(gè)市場(chǎng)中的國(guó)企用戶一直都很青睞本土產(chǎn)品。”
The executive said the post-Snowden security concerns were a pretext. The real objectivewas to nurture China’s domestic tech industry and subsequently support its expansionoverseas.
該高管指出，斯諾登事件帶來的安全顧慮只是一個(gè)借口。中國(guó)政府的真正目的在于培育國(guó)內(nèi)科技行業(yè)，以及隨后支持該行業(yè)進(jìn)行海外擴(kuò)張。
China also wants to move to a more consumption-based economy, which would be helped byChinese authorities and companies buying local technology, the executive said.
該高管還認(rèn)為，中國(guó)希望向消費(fèi)型經(jīng)濟(jì)靠攏，而政府和企業(yè)購買本土技術(shù)對(duì)此應(yīng)有所幫助。
Policy measures supporting the broader strategy include making foreign companies formdomestic partnerships, participate in technology transfers and hand over intellectualproperty in the name of information security.
為這個(gè)大戰(zhàn)略服務(wù)的政策措施包括要求外國(guó)公司和國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)結(jié)為合作伙伴，參與技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓，并以信息安全為由轉(zhuǎn)讓知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。
Wang Zhihai, president and CEO of Beijing Wondersoft, which provides information securityproducts to government, state banks and private companies, said the market in China was fair,especially compared with the U.S., where China’s Huawei Technologies, the world’s largestnetworking and telecoms equipment maker, was unable to do business due to U.S. securityconcerns.
北京明朝萬達(dá)科技有限公司為政府、國(guó)有銀行和私營(yíng)企業(yè)提供信息安全產(chǎn)品。該公司總裁王志海指出，中國(guó)的市場(chǎng)很公平，特別是和美國(guó)市場(chǎng)相比。作為全球最大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信設(shè)備制造商，華為無法在美國(guó)開展業(yè)務(wù)，原因是美國(guó)政府擔(dān)心安全問題。
Local companies were also bound by the same cybersecurity laws that U.S. companies wereobjecting to, he added.
他還說，中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)也受到網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全法規(guī)的約束，與美國(guó)公司別無二致。
The danger for China, say experts, is that it could leave itself dependent on domestictechnology, which remains inferior to foreign market leaders and more vulnerable to cyberattack.
專家認(rèn)為，危險(xiǎn)在于這樣做可能讓中國(guó)依賴于國(guó)內(nèi)技術(shù)，而后者和國(guó)外市場(chǎng)龍頭的技術(shù)相比仍有差距，而且更容易受到網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊。
Some of those benefiting from policies encouraging domestic procurement accept thatChinese companies trail foreign competitors in the security sphere.
國(guó)內(nèi)采購鼓勵(lì)政策的部分受益者也認(rèn)為，在安全領(lǐng)域，中國(guó)公司落后于外國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。
“In China, information security compared to international levels is still very far behind; theentire understanding of it is behind,” said Wondersoft’s Wang.
王志海說：“中國(guó)的信息安全程度仍遠(yuǎn)低于國(guó)際水平;對(duì)信息安全的理解也全面落后。”
But Wang, like China, is taking the long view.
但和中國(guó)政府一樣，王志海目光長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)。
“In 10 or more years, that’s when we should be there.”
“10年或更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以后，我們就應(yīng)該能夠趕上國(guó)際水平了。”
