關(guān)于日本皇室，你應(yīng)該知道的5件事

Emperor Akihito of Japan indicated in a rare public address on Monday that he wants to abdicate the throne, which would make him the first Japanese monarch in 200 years to step down. Here are five essential facts about one of the world’s oldest and most cloistered royal families.

周一，日本明仁天皇在一次罕見(jiàn)的公開(kāi)講話中暗示自己有意退位，這將使他成為該國(guó)200年來(lái)首個(gè)在世退位的君主。日本皇室是世界上最古老也最低調(diào)的皇族之一，以下是關(guān)于它的五個(gè)基本事實(shí)。

A Lengthy Dynasty

古老的君主制度

The imperial house of Japan is the oldest continuous monarchy in the world.

日本天皇制是世界上傳承未間斷的最古老君主制度。

Akihito is the 125th emperor in a line that extends back to the country’s founding in 600 B.C. by the Emperor Jimmu, who legend holds was descended from the sun goddess. Though evidence of the first 25 emperors is shrouded in myth, there is ample historical proof of an unbroken hereditary line from A.D. 500 to today.

明仁是日本的第125任天皇，往前一直可以追溯到于公元前600年創(chuàng)建日本的神武天皇，傳說(shuō)他是太陽(yáng)女神的后裔。盡管前25位天皇存在的證據(jù)籠罩著神話色彩，但有充分的歷史證據(jù)能夠證明，從公元后500年至今，日本的皇位世代相傳，從未間斷。

After modern Japanese emperors die, their names are changed to reflect the era in which they ruled. Akihito will be renamed Heisei (“peace everywhere”) for the name of his era, which began with his coronation in 1989. His father, the wartime emperor Hirohito, is posthumously known as Showa, or “radiant Japan.”

現(xiàn)代日本天皇去世后，人們會(huì)改用他們?cè)谖粫r(shí)的年號(hào)來(lái)稱(chēng)呼他們。明仁會(huì)被改稱(chēng)為“平成”，意為“內(nèi)平外成”，他于1989年即位后便開(kāi)始使用這個(gè)年號(hào)。他父親，也就是戰(zhàn)時(shí)的天皇裕仁，去世后被改稱(chēng)為昭和，意為“百姓昭明，協(xié)和萬(wàn)邦”。

Gods and Men

神與人的理念

The emperor is the head of state and the highest authority of the Shinto religion.

天皇是國(guó)家元首，也是神道教的最高領(lǐng)袖。

Japan is the only modern nation to still refer to the head of its royal family as emperor. In Japanese the emperor is called tenno, or “heavenly sovereign,” a nod to the idea that the imperial family is descended from gods. The monarchy historically maintained a divine right to rule, but it was only in recent centuries that cults around the emperor began to deify rulers as demigods.

日本是唯一一個(gè)仍對(duì)皇室首腦以“皇”相稱(chēng)的國(guó)家。日語(yǔ)“天皇”一詞符合日本皇室是神的后裔這一理念。日本皇室在歷史上一直堅(jiān)稱(chēng)君權(quán)神授，但直到最近幾個(gè)世紀(jì)，天皇的狂熱信徒才把統(tǒng)治者奉為半人半神式的存在。

Soon after the end of World War II, as part of Japan’s surrender, Hirohito renounced what he called the “the false conception that the emperor is divine.” Under Japan’s 1947 postwar Constitution, the emperor became “the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people,” a figurehead with no political authority.

二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后不久，作為日本投降的一部分，裕仁宣稱(chēng)拋棄“天皇是現(xiàn)世神這一虛構(gòu)觀念”。根據(jù)日本于1947年實(shí)施的戰(zhàn)后憲法，天皇成為了“日本國(guó)及日本國(guó)民團(tuán)結(jié)之象征”，一個(gè)沒(méi)有政治權(quán)力的名義上的領(lǐng)袖。

Amateur Scientists

業(yè)余科學(xué)家

At the beginning of each new year since 1869, just after Emperor Meiji restored the authority of the emperor and set Japan on a course of modernization and industrialization, the emperor has hosted a series of scientific lectures.

自從1869年以來(lái)——當(dāng)時(shí)，明治天皇剛剛恢復(fù)皇的權(quán)威，帶領(lǐng)日本走上現(xiàn)代化和工業(yè)化道路——每年年初，天皇都要主持一系列科學(xué)講座。

Hirohito and his elder son, Akihito, shared an interest in marine biology. Hirohito wrote several scientific papers on hydrozoa, a class of aquatic animals related to jellyfish, and Akihito is considered an expert on goby fish. Akihito has written 38 scientific articles on the fish, and a newly discovered species of the fish was named for him.

裕仁及其長(zhǎng)子明仁都對(duì)海洋生物學(xué)很感興趣。裕仁寫(xiě)過(guò)幾篇關(guān)于水母類(lèi)水生動(dòng)物水螅蟲(chóng)的論文;明仁則被視為蝦虎魚(yú)研究領(lǐng)域的權(quán)威。明仁以蝦虎魚(yú)為題寫(xiě)過(guò)38篇科學(xué)論文，新近被發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)蝦虎魚(yú)品種就是以他的名字命名的。

Women in Power

掌權(quán)的女性

Historically, women could ascend to the throne and rule in their own right, but only eight of Japan’s emperors have been women.

在歷史上，女性也可以登臨皇位，有資格統(tǒng)治天下，但日本只出過(guò)八位女天皇。

Until the 20th century, Japanese emperors usually had a chief wife and several concubines, all of whom were members of noble families. Akihito was the first emperor permitted to marry a commoner, and he did, marrying Michiko Shoda in 1956 after meeting her on a tennis court, launching a tennis boom in Japan.

直到20世紀(jì)，日本天皇通常有一位皇后和若干嬪妃，她們?nèi)汲錾碛谫F族家庭。明仁是第一位獲準(zhǔn)與平民結(jié)婚的天皇，他也的確這樣做了，在1956年迎娶正田美智子(Michiko Shoda)。兩人此前是在網(wǎng)球場(chǎng)上相識(shí)的，因此還在日本掀起了網(wǎng)球熱潮。

Akihito’s elder son, Crown Prince Naruhito, also married a commoner, Masako Owada, a former diplomat. Princess Masako was given a diagnosis of a clinical psychiatric condition in 2006, believed to have been triggered by the pressures of delivering a male heir.

明仁的長(zhǎng)子，也就是皇太子德仁迎娶的小和田雅子(Masako Owada)同樣是一位平民，曾經(jīng)當(dāng)過(guò)外交官。2006年，皇太子妃雅子被診斷出患有精神疾病，其病癥據(jù)信是由生育男性繼承人的壓力引發(fā)的。

Under the 1947 Constitution, only a male heir can inherit the throne, though a change in the law was briefly considered in 2005 to allow a woman to become emperor. When Princess Masako gave birth to a daugther, plans to amend the Constitution were dropped.

根據(jù)1947年生效的戰(zhàn)后憲法，只有男性繼承人才能繼承皇位，但在2005年曾一度考慮通過(guò)修憲讓女性獲得繼承皇位的權(quán)利?；侍渝抛由乱粋€(gè)女兒后，修憲的計(jì)劃被擱置了。

The Chrysanthemum Throne

菊花寶座

Akihito and his family live in the Tokyo Imperial Palace, a parklike compound in Japan’s capital that is considered one of the most expensive pieces of real estate in the world.

明仁及其家人生活在東京皇居里，那是一片位于日本首都的公園式建筑群，被認(rèn)為是全球最昂貴的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)之一。

The palace includes residences for the imperial family, the offices of the Imperial Household Agency and museums. The monarchy is often referred to metaphorically as the Chrysanthemum Throne, but there is an actual chrysanthemum throne, an ornate chair called takamikura on which the emperor sits during his enthronement ceremony.

皇居由皇室居所、宮內(nèi)廳(Imperial Household Agency)辦公室以及博物館組成。日本的君主政體通常被喻為菊花王朝，但在皇居里真的有菊花寶座，那是一個(gè)名叫“高御座”的華麗寶座，天皇舉行登基大典時(shí)就坐在上邊。