中國(guó)放松外資汽車(chē)建廠限制，向美釋放和解信號(hào)

SHANGHAI — China offered a potential trade peace offering to the Trump administration on Tuesday, saying it would allow electric car companies to set up shop there this year without a local joint venture partner, and that it would set a timetable for the rest of the auto industry to build or run their own Chinese factories in the coming years.

上海——中國(guó)向特朗普政府提供了一個(gè)表示貿(mào)易和解的潛在禮物。周二，中國(guó)表示今年將允許電動(dòng)汽車(chē)公司在國(guó)內(nèi)建廠，而無(wú)需有當(dāng)?shù)睾腺Y伙伴，并將在未來(lái)幾年內(nèi)，逐漸過(guò)渡到允許其他汽車(chē)行業(yè)獨(dú)資建設(shè)或運(yùn)行自己在中國(guó)的工廠。

The move, announced on Tuesday by China’s top economic planning agency, follows through on a long-promised effort by Beijing to further open its markets to foreign companies. It could be seen as a potential opening toward smoothing relations with the Trump administration, which has threatened to levy tariffs on $150 billion in Chinese-made goods.

周二由中國(guó)最高經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)劃?rùn)C(jī)構(gòu)宣布的這一舉措，是北京承諾要進(jìn)一步向外國(guó)企業(yè)開(kāi)放中國(guó)市場(chǎng)的后續(xù)行動(dòng)。這或?qū)⒈灰暈榕c特朗普政府緩和關(guān)系的一個(gè)潛在開(kāi)端。特朗普政府已威脅要對(duì)總價(jià)值達(dá)1500億美元的中國(guó)制造商品加征關(guān)稅。

In particular, American trade officials have accused China of forcing electric carmakers to share their technology with Chinese partners as a way to help Beijing foster a local, globally competitive industry.

具體來(lái)說(shuō)，美國(guó)貿(mào)易官員曾指責(zé)中國(guó)強(qiáng)迫電動(dòng)汽車(chē)制造商與中方合作伙伴分享技術(shù)，以幫助北京扶植出一個(gè)具有全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的本土行業(yè)。

The overture came with a warning. As expected, China also took steps on Tuesday to impose duties on American imports of sorghum, in a move that could potentially hurt farmers in states where Mr. Trump enjoys political support. China has threated to retaliate against Mr. Trump’s tariffs dollar for dollar.

中國(guó)的示好也伴隨著警告。正如所料，中國(guó)周二還宣布將對(duì)美國(guó)進(jìn)口高粱征收關(guān)稅的措施，此舉可能會(huì)在特朗普享受政治支持的各州對(duì)農(nóng)民造成潛在傷害。中國(guó)已威脅稱(chēng)，要對(duì)特朗普加征關(guān)稅的做法進(jìn)行美元上對(duì)等的報(bào)復(fù)。

It isn’t clear how much the auto industry as a whole would immediately benefit from the measures announced on Tuesday. China has long required foreign auto companies to find local partners and build cars under 50-50 joint ventures. While the industry has long complained about the practice, many have learned to profit from it.

目前還不清楚汽車(chē)行業(yè)從整體上講將如何從周二宣布的措施中馬上獲益。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，中國(guó)一直要求外國(guó)車(chē)企在中國(guó)制造汽車(chē)時(shí)需有當(dāng)?shù)睾献骰锇?，雙方需成立股份平分的合資企業(yè)。盡管汽車(chē)行業(yè)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直抱怨這種做法，但許多廠家已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了從中獲利。

The immediate big winner from the decision would be Tesla, which has already negotiated for a site in the Shanghai area to build cars but has been reluctant to accept a joint venture partner. Going into the Chinese market alone would mean that Tesla could keep better control of its technology and retain all the profits.

新宣布的最大直接贏家將是特斯拉(Tesla)。該公司已為在上海地區(qū)制造汽車(chē)的選址事宜進(jìn)行談判，但一直不愿接受合資伙伴。獨(dú)資進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)將意味著特斯拉能更好地掌控自己的技術(shù)，并保留所有利潤(rùn)。

Still, that means Tesla would have to foot the entire investment cost as well, instead of sharing it with a local partner. Other automakers have learned to work with their Chinese partners to smooth over potential political and labor issues and invest in new facilities together.

不過(guò)，這也意味著特斯拉將不得不承擔(dān)全部的投資成本，而不是與當(dāng)?shù)睾献骰锇榉謹(jǐn)?。其他汽?chē)制造商已學(xué)會(huì)與中國(guó)合資伙伴合作，以解決潛在的政治和勞工問(wèn)題，并共同投資新廠房的建設(shè)。

“They don’t need to negotiate with any party, but the bad news is they have to invest 100 percent of their own money,” said Yale Zhang, the managing director of Automotive Foresight, a Shanghai consulting firm, referring to Tesla.

“他們不需要與任何一方談判，但不利的是他們必須獨(dú)自投入100%的資金，”上海咨詢(xún)公司汽車(chē)前瞻(Automotive Foresight)董事總經(jīng)理張?jiān)?Yale Zhang)說(shuō)，他指的是特斯拉。

In coming years, the rule requiring a Chinese partner will be lifted for the rest of the auto industry, according to the planning agency, the National Development and Reform Commission. It said in a statement that it would end the rule this year for the production of new energy cars in China, in 2020 for the production of trucks and other commercial vehicles and in 2022 for all cars made in China.

根據(jù)國(guó)家發(fā)展改革委員會(huì)發(fā)布的信息，中國(guó)將在未來(lái)幾年里分類(lèi)型取消對(duì)外資汽車(chē)企業(yè)的限制。發(fā)改委在一份聲明中表示，將在今年取消對(duì)新能源汽車(chē)的外資股比限制，2020年取消對(duì)卡車(chē)和其他商用車(chē)的外資股比限制，2022年取消對(duì)所有在中國(guó)制造的乘用車(chē)的外資股比限制。

The sorghum duties are part of an anti-dumping case that had first been disclosed two months ago as tensions rose with the Trump administration over American plans for tariffs on imported steel and other goods. China imported $957 million worth of American sorghum last year, using it for livestock feed and for making a popular liquor, baijiu.

對(duì)高粱征收關(guān)稅是一個(gè)反傾銷(xiāo)案的一部分，該案是兩個(gè)月前首次披露的，當(dāng)時(shí)，由于特朗普政府宣布美國(guó)將對(duì)進(jìn)口鋼鐵和其他商品征收關(guān)稅，中美之間的緊張關(guān)系升級(jí)。去年，中國(guó)進(jìn)口了價(jià)值9.57億美元的美國(guó)高粱，用于飼養(yǎng)牲畜以及釀造一種流行的烈酒——白酒。