來(lái)自好萊塢的訊息：擁抱過(guò)去 塑造城市未來(lái)

瓦坎達(dá)的街道

今年5月早些時(shí)候，一年一度的米爾肯研究院全球會(huì)議在美國(guó)洛杉磯召開(kāi)，中美兩國(guó)商務(wù)人士與近4000名來(lái)自政府、商業(yè)、慈善和公民社會(huì)領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)袖一道出席了會(huì)議。今年米爾肯會(huì)議的主題是“應(yīng)對(duì)變化中的世界”。

Earlier this May, Chinese and U.S. business executives were among some 4,000 leaders from government, business, philanthropy, and civil society at the annual Milken Institute Global Conference in Los Angeles. This year's theme was “navigating a world in transition.”

的確，來(lái)自亞太地區(qū)的與會(huì)人數(shù)創(chuàng)了新高，他們中的很多人都切身明白，隨著世界從農(nóng)村向城鎮(zhèn)轉(zhuǎn)型，快速增長(zhǎng)的大都會(huì)地區(qū)面臨著諸多挑戰(zhàn)。聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際移民組織總干事威廉·斯溫在2017年10月指出，居住在城市的人口數(shù)量歷史上首次超過(guò)了農(nóng)村地區(qū)人口。

Indeed, many of the participants attending from the Asia-Pacific region know first-hand the challenges facing rapidly growing metropolitan areas as the world transitions from rural to urban. For the first time in history, noted UN Migration Director General William Lacy Swing in October 2017, more people live in cities than rural areas.

但有趣的是，好萊塢——距離米爾肯會(huì)議現(xiàn)場(chǎng)僅數(shù)英里之遙——推出了一部大片，這部影片或許在無(wú)意之中給中國(guó)的城市領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者們提供了一個(gè)訊息。

But intriguingly, from Hollywood — just a few miles from the conference site — came a blockbuster film that might also offer up an unintentional message for China's urban leaders.

漫威公司2018年上半年推出熱門電影《黑豹》。自從發(fā)行以來(lái)，這部電影收獲了超過(guò)13億美元票房，包括中國(guó)市場(chǎng)貢獻(xiàn)的1.05億美元和東南亞市場(chǎng)貢獻(xiàn)的5000萬(wàn)美元。這些票房成績(jī)令《黑豹》成為以單一超級(jí)英雄為主角的電影中票房最高的一部。

Black Panther, Marvel's early-2018 entry in its cinematic universe, has grossed more than $1.3 billion since its release, including $105 million in China and $50 million in Southeast Asia. Those box office numbers make Black Panther the highest-ever grossing film based on a single superhero.

但除了為漫畫英雄改編的電影設(shè)置了新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這部將背景設(shè)在漫威電影宇宙的影片還以其對(duì)城市生活的表現(xiàn)吸引了城市規(guī)劃專家們的注意。事實(shí)上，中國(guó)的房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)商和城市規(guī)劃者們應(yīng)當(dāng)關(guān)注一下這部電影中描繪的城市生活圖景。中國(guó)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層也應(yīng)如此，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)眼下正在大力推動(dòng)雄安新區(qū)的發(fā)展這是一個(gè)位于日益擁堵、人口日益膨脹的首都北京西南約60英里(約100公里)的新的特別經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)。

But more than setting a new standard for comic-book inspired projects, the film, set in the Marvel Universe, has caught the attention of urbanists in its presentation of city life. Indeed, China's property developers and urban planners should take note of how urban life in the film is depicted. That includes China's leadership as the nation moves forward with development of the Xiong'an New Area – a new special economic zone about 60 miles southwest of the increasingly congested and crowded capital city of Beijing.

2017年4月1日，中國(guó)國(guó)家主席習(xí)近平將位于河北省的三個(gè)縣指定為“雄安新區(qū)”。“雄安”這一名稱的漢語(yǔ)單詞由中文“雄偉”的“雄”和“平安”的“安”組成。雄安新區(qū)被稱作以注重環(huán)保和建設(shè)“智能城市”為重心的高質(zhì)量發(fā)展新模板。

On April 1, 2017, Chinese President Xi Jinping designated three counties in Hebei Province as the "Xiong'an New Area.” The characters for Xiong'an are a combination of the Chinese characters for "brave" and "peace." The Xiong'an New Area has been described as a possible new template for high-quality development with a focus on the environment and building a "smart city."

如果一切進(jìn)展順利，雄安新區(qū)或許可以從《黑豹》如何定義“智能城市”中汲取經(jīng)驗(yàn)。這種“智能城市”不僅科技發(fā)達(dá)，同時(shí)也是充滿活力的城市地區(qū)，能從中國(guó)豐富的文化遺產(chǎn)、傳統(tǒng)和社區(qū)意識(shí)中汲取養(yǎng)分。

If all goes well, Xiong'an might also take a lesson from Black Panther in defining a "smart city" as one that is not only technologically advanced but also a vibrant urban area that draws from China's rich cultural heritage, traditions and sense of community.

《黑豹》電影中的很多場(chǎng)景都設(shè)定在瓦坎達(dá)首都比爾寧扎那。瓦坎達(dá)是一個(gè)虛擬的非洲國(guó)家，黑豹保護(hù)其免受外界影響。而黑豹的真實(shí)身份是提恰拉，一個(gè)科技發(fā)達(dá)但奉行孤立主義國(guó)家的國(guó)王。瓦坎達(dá)國(guó)的城市生活令人驚異之處就在于，它與我們過(guò)往在電影中經(jīng)常見(jiàn)到的、充滿現(xiàn)代感的城市不同，也與我們旅行時(shí)經(jīng)過(guò)的那些快速發(fā)展的亞洲城市不同。

A good part of the film Black Panther takes place in Birnin Zana, the capital of Wakanda, a fictional African nation protected from outside influences by the Black Panther, whose real identity is T'Challa, the king of the technologically advanced, but isolationist country. What is striking about Wakandan city-life is how different it is from what we have become accustomed to seeing in movies offering a view of modernity, as well as in our own travels through the rapidly growing urban areas of much of Asia.

馬克·馬爾金在《建筑文摘》中寫道，與我們期待在未來(lái)城市看到的無(wú)處不在的不銹鋼玻璃高塔和失去生機(jī)的街頭生活不同，電影為我們呈現(xiàn)出了一幅充滿非洲質(zhì)感、設(shè)計(jì)和顏色的豐富多彩的城市圖景，這種城市圍繞人與人之間的互動(dòng)而存在。

Architectural Digest's Marc Malkin writes that rather than seeing the ubiquitous glass-and-steel towers and sterile street life that we have come to expect in the cities of tomorrow, we are shown in the film a colorful cityscape infused with African textures, designs, and colors, organized to emphasize human interaction.

這一元素為這個(gè)虛擬的非洲之都營(yíng)造出一份獨(dú)特、難忘的“氛圍”——在那里摩天大廈矗立于活力四射的社區(qū)。

All this contributes to the fictional capital's unique, memorable “vibe” – one where skyscrapers rise from vibrant communities below.

但遺憾的是，亞洲很多城市都不具備這種特質(zhì)，包括中國(guó)的部分城市在內(nèi)。

Sadly, the same cannot be always said about many of Asia's cities, including parts of China.

本來(lái)出于善意將商業(yè)區(qū)域與住宅區(qū)域分割開(kāi)來(lái)的區(qū)劃規(guī)則，或許會(huì)降低一個(gè)城市的活力，正如我們?cè)诿绹?guó)看到的那樣。同時(shí)，當(dāng)穿行在亞洲的超大都市時(shí)，我們可以清楚地看到城鎮(zhèn)化的規(guī)模與方向通常導(dǎo)致宜居度被削弱。而那些有能力善用城市提供的種種機(jī)會(huì)與便利度，與那些無(wú)法利用這些機(jī)會(huì)的人們之間，他們的不平等也在日益加劇。

Well-intentioned zoning rules separating commercial and residential districts may well reduce a city's vibrancy, as we have seen in the United States. And, what is clear in a journey through Asia's megacities is that the scale and direction of urbanization has led too often to reduced livability and burgeoning inequality between those who can and those who cannot afford the best that a city has to offer.

隨著更多的人們從農(nóng)村涌向城市，以及區(qū)域之間不平等的加劇，這種挑戰(zhàn)只會(huì)變得越來(lái)越嚴(yán)峻。根據(jù)樂(lè)施會(huì)(Oxfam)最新發(fā)布的不平等報(bào)告，亞洲是眼下全球貧富差距最大的地區(qū)之一。

This challenge is likely to only grow, as more people move from rural to urban areas and inequality increases across the region. Asia's wealth gap is now among the largest in the world. That's according to Oxfam's latest report on inequality, “An Economy for the 99%.”

聯(lián)合國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)事務(wù)部在最新發(fā)布的年度《世界城鎮(zhèn)化展望報(bào)告》中預(yù)計(jì)，很多東南亞國(guó)家的城市將在2015年至2025年間經(jīng)歷兩位數(shù)的人口增長(zhǎng)。印度尼西亞雅加達(dá)的人口預(yù)計(jì)將增長(zhǎng)22%，從1030萬(wàn)增至1260萬(wàn)。菲律賓馬尼拉的人口預(yù)計(jì)將增長(zhǎng)17.4%，從1290萬(wàn)增至1520萬(wàn)。泰國(guó)曼谷的人口預(yù)計(jì)增長(zhǎng)11.2%，從930萬(wàn)增至1100萬(wàn)。

A recent United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs' annual World Urbanization Prospects report projects that many of Southeast Asia's cities will experience double-digit growth between 2015 and 2025. Jakarta, Indonesia is expected to grow 22%, from 10.3 to 12.6 million. Manila, in the Philippines, is projected to grow 17.4%, from 12.9 to 15.2 million people; and Bangkok, Thailand, 11.2%, from 9.3 to 11.0 million.

這種大規(guī)模的城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程是以該地區(qū)建筑式樣的豐富和文化結(jié)構(gòu)的質(zhì)地為代價(jià)的。隨著城市規(guī)劃者們尋求實(shí)現(xiàn)更新、更整潔同時(shí)也更無(wú)生趣的現(xiàn)代城市愿景，街頭小販們被迫從一些城市消失。同時(shí)，隨著街頭生活的消失，令這些城市充滿獨(dú)特韻味的曾經(jīng)長(zhǎng)期存在、充滿活力的社區(qū)即便不會(huì)立即消失，也面臨著生存威脅。

This rampant urbanization has come at the expense of the region's architectural richness and cultural fabric. Street vendors have been banished in parts of some cities as urban planners seek to impose a new, cleaner, but perhaps more sterile, vision of the modern city. And, as street life has disappeared, the longstanding, vibrant communities that made these cities unique have also come under threat, if not vanished.

而代替眾多城市風(fēng)景的是大一統(tǒng)的平淡無(wú)味。這種“將店鋪商場(chǎng)化”的進(jìn)程被從一國(guó)照搬到另一國(guó)的統(tǒng)一超大商場(chǎng)充斥，這類商場(chǎng)在設(shè)計(jì)上通常幾乎或完全不會(huì)借鑒該國(guó)本來(lái)的文化傳承。哪怕是在一個(gè)擁有眾多聯(lián)合國(guó)世界文化遺址的地區(qū)，可悲的是這種現(xiàn)象也屢見(jiàn)不鮮。這些世界文化遺址每年吸引成千上萬(wàn)名游客來(lái)汲取靈感，但現(xiàn)在它們似乎已經(jīng)被遺忘。

What replaces many a cityscape is a generic blandness. This “mallification,” punctuated by the existence of a generic mega mall that is transplanted from country to country, too often draws little or no design influence from a country's legacy. This is all too sadly evident even in a region of the world that is home to many UNESCO world heritage sites. These sites draw thousands of visitor each year for inspiration, but seem to have been relegated to the past.

這種過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在的割裂并非一開(kāi)始就在亞洲存在。我們只需以柬埔寨上世紀(jì)60年代的“黃金時(shí)代”為例，當(dāng)時(shí)的柬埔寨建筑師凡·莫利萬(wàn)(Vann Molyvann，卒于2017年)將吳哥帝國(guó)的建筑風(fēng)格與現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)元素相結(jié)合，發(fā)起了“新高棉建筑”運(yùn)動(dòng)。他的作品以風(fēng)格和傳統(tǒng)的融合而享譽(yù)世界。

This harsh division of past and present has not always existed in the region. One need only to look to Cambodia's “Golden Age” of the 1960s as an example, when Cambodian architect Vann Molyvann (d. 2017) used building features of the Angkor Empire with modern design elements to help launch the “New Khmer Architecture” movement. His works were hailed for its synthesis of style and tradition.

回顧過(guò)去，莫利萬(wàn)超前的設(shè)計(jì)理念放在當(dāng)下也依然不失純正的高棉風(fēng)格。但可嘆的是，隨著中國(guó)和其他國(guó)家的投資大量涌入，推動(dòng)金邊快速發(fā)展并著重強(qiáng)調(diào)規(guī)模而非純正風(fēng)格的城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程，他的很多作品都慘遭摧毀。

By looking back, Molyvann's forward-looking designs remained authentically Khmer. Sadly, many of his works have succumbed as Chinese and other investment has contributed to Phnom Penh's breakneck development and to a vision of urbanization that seemingly emphasizes size over authenticity.

然而這種純正性正是設(shè)計(jì)一座健康城市的關(guān)鍵元素之一。總部位于荷蘭、致力于提高全球人民生活質(zhì)量的智庫(kù)菲利普斯健康與福祉中心正是這樣認(rèn)為的。與其忽視歷史，城市規(guī)劃者和房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)商們應(yīng)當(dāng)擁抱一座城市的傳承、文化和環(huán)境，來(lái)創(chuàng)造一種獨(dú)特的地理與身份認(rèn)同感。這種獨(dú)特性，這種我們此前從未見(jiàn)過(guò)的、其他地方絕無(wú)僅有的獨(dú)特性，正是當(dāng)我們看到銀幕上瓦坎達(dá)活力四射街道時(shí)的反應(yīng)。

It is this authenticity, however, that is among the critical ingredients in what goes into designing a healthy city. That's according to The Philips Center for Health and Well-being, a Netherlands-based think tank focused on improving the lives of people around the world. Rather than ignore its history, urban planners and developers should embrace a city's heritage, culture and environment to create a unique sense of place and identity. This uniqueness, of seeing something we have never seen before and that exists nowhere else, is what we also react to when we see the vibrant streets of Wakanda on screen.

以下內(nèi)容包含劇透，介意者請(qǐng)慎讀!隨著《黑豹》影片接近尾聲，瓦坎達(dá)領(lǐng)袖提恰拉知會(huì)聯(lián)合國(guó)，他決定揭示其國(guó)度真實(shí)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。影片結(jié)尾，一名外國(guó)官員問(wèn)道，瓦坎達(dá)能夠給世界提供什么。

Spoiler alert! As the movie Black Panther draws to a close, Wakanda's leader, T'Challa, informs the United Nations of his decision to reveal the true state of his country's advancements and development. The scene concludes with a foreign official responding by asking what Wakanda has to offer the world.

這里有一個(gè)明確的回答。瓦坎達(dá)向我們展示出，對(duì)于城鎮(zhèn)化看起來(lái)或感受起來(lái)應(yīng)當(dāng)是什么樣子，無(wú)需存在一個(gè)默認(rèn)項(xiàng)，也無(wú)需簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)制好萊塢的弄假成真。同時(shí)，對(duì)于那些要把雄安新區(qū)的偉大圖景在未來(lái)若干年內(nèi)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)的人們來(lái)說(shuō)，《黑豹》也傳遞出了一個(gè)訊息。世界各地的城市，包括中國(guó)的城市在內(nèi)，都將持續(xù)不斷地發(fā)展，但發(fā)展的途徑應(yīng)是通過(guò)擁抱它們各自豐富的過(guò)往，來(lái)創(chuàng)造一個(gè)充滿活力、風(fēng)格獨(dú)特、兼收并蓄的未來(lái)。

Here is one clear answer. Wakanda shows that there need not be a default setting for what urbanization looks and feels like. This need not simply be Hollywood make-believe. And that's also a message for those turning the Xiong'an New Area master plan into reality in the years ahead. Cities everywhere, including in China, will continue to grow, but they can also do so by embracing their rich pasts while building a vibrant, unique and inclusive future.