中國(guó)營(yíng)養(yǎng)政策背后，“垃圾食品”公司的身影
“快樂十分鐘”是中國(guó)政府發(fā)起的一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，鼓勵(lì)小學(xué)生每天鍛煉10分鐘。在一個(gè)兒童肥胖率令人擔(dān)憂的國(guó)家，這似乎是朝著改善公共健康邁出的值得稱贊的一步。
But the initiative and other official Chinese efforts that emphasized exercise as the best way to lose weight were notable for what they didn’t mention: the importance of cutting back on the calorie-laden junk foods and sugary beverages that have become ubiquitous in the world’s second largest economy.
但值得注意的是，該倡議及其他中國(guó)官方強(qiáng)調(diào)“鍛煉是最佳減肥方式”，卻沒有提及一點(diǎn)：減少攝入高熱量垃圾食品和含糖飲料的重要性。在這個(gè)全球第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體，這些商品已經(jīng)變得無處不在。
China’s fitness-is-best message, as it happens, has largely been the handiwork of Coca-Cola and other Western food and beverage giants, according to a pair of new studies that document how those companies have helped shape decades of Chinese science and public policy on obesity and diet-related illnesses like type 2 diabetes and hypertension.
根據(jù)兩項(xiàng)新的研究，中國(guó)碰巧傳遞出“健康最好”的信息，很大程度上是可口可樂及其它西方食品飲料巨頭的手筆——這些研究記錄了這些公司如何影響了幾十年來中國(guó)在肥胖和乙型糖尿病、高血壓等飲食相關(guān)疾病方面的科學(xué)和公共政策。
The findings, published Wednesday in ">The BMJ and The Journal of Public Health Policy, show how Coca-Cola and other multinational food companies, operating through a group called the International Life Sciences Institute, cultivated key Chinese officials in an effort to stave off the growing movement for food regulation and soda taxes that has been sweeping the west.
研究結(jié)果周三發(fā)表在英國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志(BMJ)和公共衛(wèi)生政策期刊(The Journal of Public Health Policy)上，表明可口可樂和其他跨國(guó)食品公司通過一個(gè)名為國(guó)際生命科學(xué)研究所(International Life Sciences Institute)的組織，與中國(guó)的關(guān)鍵官員建立聯(lián)系，以避免西方各國(guó)日漸興起的食品監(jiān)管和碳酸飲料征稅運(yùn)動(dòng)。
The group, known as ILSI, is a worldwide organization with a Washington headquarters, funded by many of the biggest names in snack foods, including Nestlé, McDonald’s, Pepsi Co. and Yum! Brands as well as Coca-Cola. It has 17 branches, most of in them emerging economies like Mexico, India, South Africa and Brazil, and promotes itself as a bridge between scientists, government officials and multinational food companies.
這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)稱ILSI的組織遍布全世界，其總部設(shè)在華盛頓，由零食業(yè)的許多巨頭資助，包括雀巢、麥當(dāng)勞、百事可樂、百勝(Yum Brands)和可口可樂。它有17個(gè)分部，大多位于墨西哥、印度、南非、巴西等新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體，對(duì)外宣傳自己是科學(xué)家、政府官員和跨國(guó)食品公司之間的橋梁。
But in China, ILSI is so well-placed that it runs its operations from inside the government’s Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in Beijing. In fact, when asked to comment on the studies, the ministry emailed a statement not from a government official but from ILSI’s China director.
但在中國(guó)，ILSI的地位高到在位于北京的中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)內(nèi)部辦公。事實(shí)上，當(dāng)被要求對(duì)上述研究置評(píng)時(shí)，該部門發(fā)出了一份電子郵件聲明——并非來自政府官員，而是來自ILSI中國(guó)辦事處主任。
The director, Chen Junshi, said the group had always emphasized the importance of both exercise and a well-balanced diet, and that its activities “are based on science and are not affected by any business.”
其主任陳君石稱，該組織向來同時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)鍛煉與均衡飲食的重要性，其活動(dòng)“是基于科學(xué)，且不受任何企業(yè)的影響”。
The close relationship with the highest government health policymakers goes significantly beyond what the companies have been able to achieve in the West.
其與政府最高衛(wèi)生決策者的密切關(guān)系遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了這些公司在西方所能實(shí)現(xiàn)的程度。
Coca-Cola tried similar tactics in the United States by partnering with influential scientists and creating a nonprofit called the Global Energy Balance Network to promote a message that exercise, not dieting, was the solution to the nation’s obesity crisis. But in 2015, after an article in The New York Times on the efforts and subsequent outcry from public health advocates, the company disbanded the organization.
可口可樂曾在美國(guó)嘗試過類似策略：通過與有影響力的科學(xué)家結(jié)為伙伴，并建立非營(yíng)利組織全球能量平衡網(wǎng)(Global Energy Balance Network)，以宣傳鍛煉——而非飲食——是該國(guó)肥胖危機(jī)解決之道的信息。但在2015年，在《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》發(fā)表了一篇有關(guān)這些動(dòng)作的文章，以及公共衛(wèi)生倡導(dǎo)者后續(xù)進(jìn)行譴責(zé)之后，該公司解散了這一組織。
In China, beginning in the late 1990s, ILSI organized obesity conferences, paid the way of Chinese scientists who attended the events and helped create national health campaigns aimed at tackling the country’s obesity epidemic, according to Susan Greenhalgh, a social scientist and China expert at Harvard who is the author of both studies.
據(jù)兩項(xiàng)研究的作者、社會(huì)科學(xué)家、哈佛大學(xué)中國(guó)問題專家葛蘇珊(Susan Greenhalgh)表示，在中國(guó)，ILSI從90年代后期便開始組織肥胖主題會(huì)議，支付參會(huì)中國(guó)科學(xué)家的行程費(fèi)用，幫助打造旨在解決該國(guó)肥胖流行的全國(guó)性健康活動(dòng)。
China’s public health initiatives almost always promote exercise, and they seldom mention the value of cutting calories or reducing the consumption of processed food and sugar-sweetened beverages, which many experts say is essential for losing weight, keeping it off, and improving health.
中國(guó)的公共衛(wèi)生倡議幾乎一向都側(cè)重鍛煉，很少提及減少熱量攝入或減少攝入加工食品和含糖飲料的價(jià)值，而很多專家表示這對(duì)于減少、保持體重和改善健康必不可少。
“You can’t use physical activity alone to get rid of obesity, hypertension or diabetes,” said Barry Popkin, a professor of nutrition at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
“你不能光靠身體活動(dòng)擺脫肥胖、高血壓或糖尿病，”北卡羅來納大學(xué)教堂山分校(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)教授巴里·波普金(Barry Popkin)說。
Professor Popkin was not involved in the study, but he has spent decades working in China to help the country develop nutrition guidelines and food policy — efforts he said were often thwarted by well-placed officials aligned with ILSI.
波普金未參與此項(xiàng)研究，但他在中國(guó)工作了幾十年，幫助該國(guó)制定營(yíng)養(yǎng)指南和食品政策——他說這些努力經(jīng)常遭到與ILSI結(jié)盟的高官阻撓。
Given his experience, he said Professor Greenhalgh’s findings were not surprising. “Over the course of several decades, Coke and ILSI have worked to prevent any kind of food policy that would benefit public health,” he said. “What they’ve been doing in China is insidious.”
鑒于他的經(jīng)歷，他說葛蘇珊的研究結(jié)果并不意外。“幾十年間，可口可樂和ILSI努力防止任何會(huì)使公共健康受益的食品政策，”他說。“他們?cè)谥袊?guó)的所作所為是很陰險(xiǎn)的。”
In a statement, ILSI said it was committed to backing “evidence-based food and nutrition research” and that it did not conduct lobbying activities or make policy recommendations in the countries where it operates.
在一份聲明中，ILSI稱其致力于支持“基于證據(jù)的食品營(yíng)養(yǎng)研究”，且不在所運(yùn)營(yíng)的國(guó)家開展游說活動(dòng)或進(jìn)行政策建議。
“ILSI does not profess to have been perfect in our 40-year history,” the statement said. “Not surprisingly, there have been bumps along the way. This is why ILSI has analyzed best practices and has committed to ensuring scientific integrity in nutrition and food sector research.”
“ILSI不宣稱我們?cè)?0年的歷史中毫無差錯(cuò)，”該聲明說。“不意外的是，在此過程中有過一些波折。正因?yàn)槿绱耍琁LSI分析了最佳做法，并致力于確保營(yíng)養(yǎng)和食品領(lǐng)域研究的誠(chéng)信。”
Coca-Cola said in a statement that it had also been changing the way it funded scientific research through greater transparency and by ending its practice of providing the lion’s share of money for studies. In recent years, it added, Coca-Cola has sought to address mounting obesity in China by offering an array of new sugar-free beverages and through improved nutrition labeling on products. “We recognize that too much sugar isn’t good for anyone,” it said.
可口可樂在一份聲明中表示，該公司還通過提高透明度和停止為研究提供最大份額資金的做法，改變資助科學(xué)研究的方式。聲明還說，近年來，可口可樂公司通過提供一系列新的無糖飲料和改善產(chǎn)品的營(yíng)養(yǎng)標(biāo)簽，試圖解決中國(guó)日益增長(zhǎng)的肥胖問題。“我們認(rèn)識(shí)到，太多的糖對(duì)任何人都不好，”它說。
Professor Greenhalgh’s findings were based on interviews with Chinese officials and scientists, and a review of public documents produced by Coca-Cola and ILSI.
葛蘇珊的發(fā)現(xiàn)基于對(duì)中國(guó)官員和科學(xué)家的采訪，以及對(duì)可口可樂和ILSI制作的公開文件的核查。
She said the industry efforts have been wildly successful, in part because China lacks a free media or watchdog organizations that might have been critical of the relationship.
她說，該行業(yè)的努力效果非常好，部分原因是中國(guó)缺乏自由的媒體或可能對(duì)這種關(guān)系持批評(píng)態(tài)度的監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)。
In just a few decades, China has gone from a nation plagued by food shortages to one buffeted by soaring obesity and chronic diseases tied to poor diet. More than 42 percent of adults in China are overweight and obese, according to Chinese researchers, more than double the rate in 1991. In Chinese cities, nearly a fifth of all children are obese, according to government surveys.
在短短幾十年時(shí)間里，中國(guó)已經(jīng)從一個(gè)飽受食品短缺之苦的國(guó)家，變成了一個(gè)深受肥胖和與不良飲食有關(guān)的慢性病困擾的國(guó)家。根據(jù)中國(guó)研究人員的數(shù)據(jù)，中國(guó)超過42%的成年人超重和肥胖，是1991年的兩倍多。根據(jù)政府的調(diào)查，在中國(guó)的城市里，將近五分之一的兒童肥胖。
The increases closely follow growing prosperity in China that began in the 1980s as Beijing embraced market economics after decades of isolation. In 1978, Coca-Cola was among the first companies allowed into the country, and ILSI arrived soon afterward. Seeking to identify influential scientists it could work with, the group found a partner in Chen Chunming, a leading nutritionist who was the founding president of the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, the forerunner of China’s C.D.C.
這些增長(zhǎng)與中國(guó)自1980年代開始的日益繁榮密切相關(guān)，當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)政府在經(jīng)歷了數(shù)十年的孤立之后，開始擁抱市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。1978年，可口可樂是首批獲準(zhǔn)進(jìn)入中國(guó)的公司之一，ILSI隨后很快進(jìn)入中國(guó)。為了尋找可以與之合作的有影響力的科學(xué)家，該組織找到合作伙伴陳春明，他是著名的營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)家，也是中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心的前身中國(guó)預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院的創(chuàng)始院長(zhǎng)。
In 1993, Ms. Chen became the head of ILSA-China and she remained a senior adviser to the organization until her death last year. Professors Greenhalgh and Popkin said that Ms. Chen was instrumental in stymying attempts to address soaring obesity by stressing the harmful impact of consuming highly processed food and sugary soft drinks.
1993年，陳春明成為ILSI中國(guó)的負(fù)責(zé)人，并一直擔(dān)任該組織的高級(jí)顧問，直到于去年去世。葛蘇珊和波普金說，陳春明強(qiáng)調(diào)了精加工食品和含糖軟飲料的有害影響，這對(duì)解決日益嚴(yán)重的肥胖問題起到了遏制作用。
In interviews, several Chinese nutrition experts said they were not bothered by the relationship between ILSI and multinational beverage companies like Coca-Cola, and they defended the integrity of ILSI-backed researchers, praising their professional bona fides. He Jiguo, a nutrition professor at the College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering at China Agricultural University, said that Coca-Cola had only amplified the notion that exercise is essential to human health, an idea long espoused by China’s ruling Communist Party.
在采訪中，幾位中國(guó)營(yíng)養(yǎng)專家表示，他們不為ILSI與可口可樂等跨國(guó)飲料公司的關(guān)系感到困擾，他們?yōu)镮LSI支持的研究人員的誠(chéng)信進(jìn)行了辯護(hù)，稱贊他們的專業(yè)誠(chéng)意。中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)與營(yíng)養(yǎng)工程學(xué)院營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)教授何繼國(guó)表示，可口可樂只是強(qiáng)化了鍛煉對(duì)身體健康至關(guān)重要的觀點(diǎn)，而這一觀點(diǎn)一直受到中國(guó)執(zhí)政的共產(chǎn)黨的支持。
“The key is that no matter what Cola-Cola or other beverage companies say, these drinks are just a product,” he said. “No one is being forced to buy them.”
“關(guān)鍵是可口可樂也好，其他飲料也好，它就是一個(gè)產(chǎn)品，”他說。“它沒有強(qiáng)制大家去做。”
With sweetened beverage consumption dropping in the United States and Europe, Coca-Cola increasingly views China and other developing countries as essential to maintaining profits. China is the company’s third largest market.
隨著美國(guó)和歐洲甜飲料消費(fèi)量的下降，可口可樂越來越多地將中國(guó)和其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家視為維持利潤(rùn)的關(guān)鍵。中國(guó)是該公司的第三大市場(chǎng)。
Martin McKee, professor of European public health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said ILSI and other industry-funded groups that represent the interests of the tobacco, alcohol and fast-food companies have found fertile ground in poorer nations with weak public health bureaucracies.
倫敦衛(wèi)生和熱帶醫(yī)學(xué)院(London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)歐洲公共衛(wèi)生教授馬丁·麥基(Martin McKee)表示，ILSI和其它由行業(yè)資助的代表煙草、酒精和快餐公司利益的團(tuán)體，在公共衛(wèi)生官僚機(jī)構(gòu)薄弱的貧窮國(guó)家找到了肥沃的土壤。
Professor McKee, who wrote an editorial in the BMJ that accompanies the study, said such groups often claim to be independent think tanks but refuse to disclose detailed information about their funding.
麥基在《英國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》(BMJ)上發(fā)表了一篇與這項(xiàng)研究相關(guān)的評(píng)論文章。他說，這類組織經(jīng)常聲稱自己是獨(dú)立的智庫(kù)，但拒絕透露有關(guān)資金的詳細(xì)信息。
These groups, he said, support and publicize scientific studies whose results sometimes muddy the waters on contentious issues like smoking or alcohol and soda consumption.
他說，這些組織支持和宣傳的科學(xué)研究有時(shí)會(huì)在吸煙、飲酒和汽水消費(fèi)等有爭(zhēng)議的問題上混淆視聽。
“They often cherry pick data in ways that mislead while portraying these issues as so terribly complex that nothing can be done,” he said.
“他們經(jīng)常以一種誤導(dǎo)的方式挑選數(shù)據(jù)，同時(shí)把這些問題描述得非常復(fù)雜，讓人感覺什么都做不了，”他說。
