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英文原文
recording one
錄音一
Now it's become something of a ritual to debate the value of a college degree. But as current Population Survey data show, there has been a sharp decline in employment among men without college degrees, compared with those who have them. This decline began in the 1960s and has become more serious over time. What has actually caused this decline? Well, economists have been working to ascertain the roots of the decline for decades, and have come up with several theories.
如今，關(guān)于大學(xué)學(xué)歷價(jià)值的辯論已經(jīng)成為了一種慣例。但根據(jù)當(dāng)前的人口普查數(shù)據(jù)顯示，與擁有學(xué)位的人相比，沒(méi)有大學(xué)學(xué)歷的男性的就業(yè)率已經(jīng)大幅下降。這種下降始于20世紀(jì)60年代，并隨著時(shí)間的推移變得更加嚴(yán)重。這種下降的真正原因是什么？多年來(lái)，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一直在努力確定這種下降的根本原因，并提出了幾種理論。
One popular theory is that it's a case of two-tiered wages: low wages for jobs that don't require a degree. An alternate theory is that there were more jobs not requiring a college degree in the past than now. A recent working paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research reviewed those theories and put forward additional hypotheses about the causes of the problem.
一個(gè)流行的理論是，這是一個(gè)兩級(jí)工資制度的情況：不需要學(xué)位的工作工資較低。另一種理論是，過(guò)去不需要大學(xué)學(xué)歷的工作比現(xiàn)在多。國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)研究局最近的一份工作論文回顧了這些理論，并提出了關(guān)于問(wèn)題原因的額外假設(shè)。
Let's look at that paper now. First, the researchers considered the issue of wages. As the wage gap has grown between those with college degrees and those without, economists have suggested that men aren't as interested in taking some of the less lucrative jobs. While the authors of the paper found truth in this explanation, they assert that low wages can't be the only factor. As wages for men without college degrees, adjusting for inflation, haven't changed much since the 1960s, making it hard to see why fewer men seem willing to accept those wages.
現(xiàn)在讓我們來(lái)看看這篇論文。首先，研究人員考慮了工資問(wèn)題。隨著擁有大學(xué)學(xué)歷和沒(méi)有大學(xué)學(xué)歷的人之間的工資差距擴(kuò)大，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們認(rèn)為男性對(duì)從事一些收入較低的工作不太感興趣。盡管論文的作者認(rèn)為這一解釋有一定的道理，但他們斷言低工資不能是唯一的因素。自20世紀(jì)60年代以來(lái)，沒(méi)有大學(xué)學(xué)歷的男性的工資（經(jīng)通貨膨脹調(diào)整后）并沒(méi)有太大變化，這讓人難以理解為什么越來(lái)越少的男性似乎愿意接受這些工資。
This leads to the second theory, that more jobs require a college degree today than in the past. Indeed, that theory seems valid because in America today, two-thirds of jobs are filled by workers with at least some college education.
這引出了第二個(gè)理論，即今天需要大學(xué)學(xué)歷的工作比過(guò)去多。事實(shí)上，這一理論似乎是有根據(jù)的，因?yàn)槿缃裨诿绹?guó)，三分之二的工作都是由至少接受過(guò)一些大學(xué)教育的工人來(lái)完成的。
However, the authors of the paper argue that there are other factors amplifying the problem. They identified two new potential explanations. The first being the tremendous decline in marriage among men without college degrees since the 1960s. And the second being the increase in women participating in the workforce that was concurrent with the decline in marriage. These two changes mean that men might not have families to support, or if they do, their wives might be doing more of the providing. Both of which might remove the financial incentive to work.
然而，這篇論文的作者認(rèn)為還有其他因素加劇了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。他們提出了兩個(gè)新的潛在解釋。首先是自20世紀(jì)60年代以來(lái)，沒(méi)有大學(xué)學(xué)歷的男性的婚姻率大幅下降。第二個(gè)是與婚姻率下降同時(shí)發(fā)生的女性參與勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的增加。這兩個(gè)變化意味著男性可能沒(méi)有家庭需要支持，或者即使有，他們的妻子也可能承擔(dān)了更多的養(yǎng)家責(zé)任。這兩者都可能消除了工作的經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)。
The authors of the paper concede that research on the subject isn't complete, but they argue that their work supports the value of a college education.
論文的作者承認(rèn)，關(guān)于這個(gè)主題的研究還不完整，但他們認(rèn)為他們的工作支持了大學(xué)學(xué)歷的價(jià)值。
question 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard
問(wèn)題16至18是基于您剛剛聽(tīng)到的錄音內(nèi)容。
question 16: What does the speaker say has become something of a ritual?
問(wèn)題16：說(shuō)話者說(shuō)什么是已經(jīng)成為了一種慣例？
question 17: What did the researchers of a recent working paper consider first?
問(wèn)題17：最近的一份工作論文的研究人員首先考慮了什么？
question 18: What did the recent paper identify as a new potential explanation of the problem concerning men's employment?
問(wèn)題18：最近的一篇論文將什么視為關(guān)于男性就業(yè)問(wèn)題的新的潛在解釋？
