雙語散文|顧均正——耳聞不如一見？
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耳聞不如一見？——從焦尾琴談起
在郭老新編的話劇“蔡文姬”里，提到了蔡文姬的父親蔡邕（yōng）所造的那張焦尾琴。最近我看了“蔡文姬”的演出，自然而然想起了焦尾琴，想起了關(guān)于焦尾琴的故事：蔡邕因?yàn)椴辉岗吀綑?quán)貴，怕被人陷害，曾經(jīng)亡命江南，往來于吳會之間（今江、浙一帶），計(jì)十二年。據(jù)說他在吳（今蘇州）的時候，有一天聽見鄰家燒飯的柴火中發(fā)出一種爆裂的聲音，他熟悉這種聲音，知道這聲音來自一種極好的桐木，這種桐木是造琴的最好材料。他就跟鄰家主人商量，把這段燒焦了的桐木要了來，造成一張琴。這張琴彈起來果然非常好聽。因?yàn)樗囊欢耸菬沟模源蠹叶冀兴刮睬佟?br /> 當(dāng)我想起這個故事的時候，使我對“耳聞不如目見”這句成語不能不有所懷疑。的確，我們認(rèn)識這個物質(zhì)世界，有時候不是用眼睛來看而是用耳朵來聽的。蔡邕能夠從木材燃燒時發(fā)出的爆裂聲來辨別木材的好壞，充分說明了“耳聞”不一定“不如目見”。當(dāng)然，“耳聞不如目見”這句話的原意是指間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)不如直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)菢涌煽浚@是完全正確的。但是，如果對這句話只是從字面上來理解，認(rèn)為耳朵聽到的總不如眼睛看見的那樣可靠，那對耳朵來說，卻是極大的冤枉。
我們應(yīng)該承認(rèn)，眼睛是直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)的主要來源，可是我們同時也得承認(rèn)，眼睛是最會騙人的。舉一個極普通的例子來說，我們大家覺得早晨的太陽比中午的太陽大得多，可是如果你用照相機(jī)給太陽在早晨和中午各照一個相，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)攝得的相片是一樣大小的。誰會想到，在這個每天接觸到的日?，F(xiàn)象上，從古到今，無論是什么人，無論在什么地方，都一直在受著眼睛的騙？并且騙得我們好苦，不但古代的大學(xué)問家如孔子，沒有能回答為什么早晨的太陽看起來會大于中午的太陽，連現(xiàn)代的科學(xué)家，對這個問題也不曾有一個令人十分滿意的解釋。這個現(xiàn)象對迷信眼睛的人來說，是一個有力的諷刺。
當(dāng)然，我們這樣說，并不是要否定眼睛的作用。我們只是說明，眼睛雖然有非常廣闊的活動范圍，可是它是有缺點(diǎn)的。我們不能迷信眼睛，小看了耳朵的作用。
耳朵的活動范圍雖然小，可是它的作用也不只是聽聽講話，聽聽音樂。它還有其他的特殊功用。在某種場合，它不但無愧于“以耳代目”這句話，而且比眼睛做得更好。
Is the Ear Less Reliable than the Eye? — About the Story of Jiao Wei Qin
In the play Cai Wenji, newly written by venerable Guo Moruo, reference is made to jiao wei qin, a zithern partly made of scorched wood by Cai Yong, father of Cai Wenji. Recently, after I saw the play on the stage, my mind naturally went to jiao wei qin and its story.Cai Yong disliked playing up to bigwigs and, to avoid frame-ups, he went into exile in the South, wandering about for twelve years in Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces. It is said that one day during his stay in Suzhou when he heard the crackling of firewood from his next-door neighbour at cooking time, he knew the familiar sound came from paulownia, a kind of choice wood best for making zitherns. Now, talking it over with his neighbour, he was given the piece of scorched wood, which he subsequently made into a zithern. This musical instrument, when played, turned out to be extremely pleasant to the ear. People called it jiao wei qin because the tail of its soundboard was made of scorched wood.
When I think of the story, I cannot help having doubts about the validity of the proverb, "Seeing is better than hearing." Fact is, to know the material world, we sometimes use not the eye, but the ear. That Cai Yong could tell the quality of wood by listening to its crackling sound while it was burning in the kitchen stove makes it crystal clear that "hearing" is not necessarily less reliable than "seeing". The above-mentioned proverb literally means that secondhand experience is less reliable than firsthand experience, which is perfectly true. But, if we should take this saying at its face value and regard the ear as invariably less reliable than the eye, we shall do the former a gross injustice.
While we agree that the eye is the main source of direct experience, we must admit that it is also most misleading. Take a most common example. We all agree that the sun is much bigger in the early morning than at noon. But if we take a photo of it in the early morning and at noon respectively, we shall find it of the same size in both cases. Who would have thought that, when it comes to this common phenomenon in our daily life, people the world over should have been fooled by their own eyes ever since time immemorial? The optical illusion has indeed landed us in indescribable trouble. Not only were great ancient sages like Confucius stumped by the question why the sun was seemingly bigger in the early morning than at noon, even scientists of today have failed to give a wholly satisfactory explanation. This is a keen satire on those having blind faith in the eye.
Of course I do not mean to deny the role played by the eye. All I want to show is that although the eye has an extremely wide scope of activities, it is, nevertheless, far from being faultless. We should, therefore, never overtrust the eye and underestimate the usefulness of the ear.
Although the ear has a smaller scope of activities, its functions are not confined to listening to conversation or music only. It has other specific functions of its own. Under certain circumstances, it is not only worthy of the saying, "Let the ear do duty for the eye," it can even excel the eye.
顧均正（1902—1981），浙江嘉興人，文學(xué)翻譯家、雜文作家。《百聞不如一見？》是他寫的一篇富于知識性和趣味性的科學(xué)小品。
