名師指導：2010年考研英語一必背十大作文范文
一、寫作A節(jié)：預測：60%考摘要，40%考書信、備忘錄、報告
(一)摘要：最新大綱樣題：經濟類
Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
經濟全球化的主要原因
20世紀50年代初以來，經濟全球化獲得迅猛發(fā)展。簡單歸納，其原因主要包括以下幾個方面：
全球化的技術基礎?？萍歼M步為全球化快速發(fā)展提供了物質基礎和技術手段?？萍几锩墙洕蚧l(fā)展的最根本的物質基礎和動力，歷史上歷次科技革命都促進了社會生產力的飛躍發(fā)展，同時也促進了整個世界的融合。20世紀50年代以電子技術和信息技術等為主要標志的新的科技革命的興起，使科技日益成為社會生產力發(fā)展的先導，成為影響生產力發(fā)展的至關重要的因素?？萍贾R在社會生產的各個領域中得到廣泛傳播和運用，勞動者的智能和技能得到進一步的開發(fā)，創(chuàng)造出越來越多的物質和精神財富，極大地促進了世界生產力的發(fā)展，生產社會化程度日益提高，國際分工日益深化，各國經濟以此為基礎緊密相聯，世界經濟進入一個全新的繁榮時期。同時，新科技革命使得科技成果積累的速度大大加快，新材料、新產品不斷涌現，大量高技術產業(yè)不斷產生，在世界范圍內促進了產業(yè)結構的調整和轉移，新的產業(yè)布局開始形成，以信息技術和產業(yè)為主導，以高新技術為基礎的新興產業(yè)部門也蓬勃興起并迅速發(fā)展，快速取代了傳統產業(yè)而逐漸成為經濟的主導部門推進的重要動力源。
全球化的經濟基礎。市場經濟體制的強勢地位不斷增強，跨國公司的突飛發(fā)展，國際經濟組織的不斷完善為經濟全球化奠定了堅實的經濟基礎。
首先，市場經濟體制成為世界各國發(fā)展經濟的首選。20世紀80年代末至90年代初，世界形勢發(fā)生了重大變化，東歐劇變，蘇聯解體， 40多年的冷戰(zhàn)格局最終結束。冷戰(zhàn)結束后，國際形勢總體上走向緩和。各國紛紛把發(fā)展經濟列為首要目標，普遍擴大了對外開放，和平與發(fā)展成為當今時代的兩大主題。前蘇聯和東歐國家先后走上了向市場經濟過渡的軌道，改行自由市場經濟，并積極致力于融入西方經濟體系。中國在長期的實踐中，也逐漸認識到計劃經濟的不足和弊端，自1978年起開始實行以市場為導向的、全面的經濟改革，大力推行對外開放，努力實現同世界經濟的接軌，目前已成為世界經濟的重要組成部分。這一切都說明，市場經濟體制已成為不同制度、不同發(fā)展層次國家的共同選擇，市場經濟已基本實現了全球化，經濟全球化是以市場為基礎的，沒有市場經濟就沒有生產要素在國際間的自由流動，就談不上經濟全球化。
其次，力量不斷壯大的跨國公司成為經濟全球化的中堅力量?？鐕臼且员緡鳛榛?，通過對外直接投資，在世界各地設立分支機構和子公司，從事國際化生產和經營的企業(yè)?？鐕緫{借其雄厚的經濟實力和靈活的經營戰(zhàn)略，以全球為工廠，以它所在的各個國家為車間，在全球范圍內充分利用各地的優(yōu)勢組織生產和流通，通過自己廣泛的經營活動，實現了商品和資本等生產要素在全球范圍內的整合，促進了生產在國家間的水平分工和垂直分工，使之密切聯系在一起，從而為經濟全球化的發(fā)展打下了堅實的微觀基礎，并成為經濟全球化的主要推動力量和主要載體。
最后，國際經濟組織是經濟全球化發(fā)展的組織保障。二戰(zhàn)結束以后，生產力的不斷提高，生產力的國際化使得越來越多的商品、資本、勞動進入國際交流。各國的國際分工和相互依賴性不斷增強。這種日益增強的經濟聯系要求突破原有的國家間的障礙，實現全球范圍內的更高層次的經濟合作，這就要求有超脫于國家之外的國際經濟組織發(fā)揮重要作用。戰(zhàn)后，國際經濟日益明顯，國際經濟協作不斷加強。在當今國際經濟關系中，世行、世貿組織、國際貨幣基金組織等世界性經濟組織的調節(jié)作用越來越大，而且還出現出進一步增強的趨勢。世貿組織(WTO)所制定的關于貿易、投資等方面的制度和規(guī)則，成為規(guī)范全球經濟運行，創(chuàng)造自由、公平競爭環(huán)境的統一制度和規(guī)則，作為世界金融領域的重要國際組織，即國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)和世界銀行(WB)也在國際金融全球化進程中扮演了重要的角色。這些國際經濟組織的成立使得國際貿易和國際金融運行有了統一的規(guī)則，對成員國的經貿活動和經濟行為起著協調和規(guī)范作用。這些都為經濟全球化的發(fā)展起著制度保障作用。(1590字)
參考范文：
Fundamental Causes of Economic Globalization
Economic globalization has been progressing rapidly since the beginning of the 1950s. Several factors have contributed to such development. Firstly, advancements in science and technology have offered a technical foundation by providing the material basis and the technical means. Meanwhile, a solid economic foundation for such a globalization has been laid by the market economy which is prevailing over the world. Others factors include the pillaring and propelling role of multinationals in micro-economic operations, the ever growing coordinating and controlling power and function exercised by such international economic organizations as WTO, IMF and WB in the international trade and finance。(100 words)
2.金融類
Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
金融危機
金融危機又稱金融風暴，是指一個國家或幾個國家與地區(qū)的全部或大部分金融指標(如：短期利率、貨幣資產、證券、房地產、土地(價格)、商業(yè)破產數和金融機構倒閉數)的急劇、短暫和超周期的惡化。
金融危機可以分為貨幣危機、債務危機、銀行危機等類型。近年來的金融危機越來越呈現出某種混合形式的特征。
金融危機的特征是人們基于經濟未來將更加悲觀的預期，整個區(qū)域內貨幣幣值出現幅度較大的貶值，經濟總量與經濟規(guī)模出現較大的損失，經濟增長受到打擊。往往伴隨著企業(yè)大量倒閉，失業(yè)率提高，社會普遍的經濟蕭條，甚至有些時候伴隨著社會動蕩或國家政治層面的動蕩。
本篇新聞熱門關鍵詞:標志 首選 備忘錄 財富 基金
金融危機的產生大多數情況是由經濟泡沫引起的，而產生危機的背景非常復雜，有多方面的因素。以21世紀最大的美國金融危機為例，追根溯源，主要有以下幾方面促因。 (1)美國的消費習慣。借錢(貸款)消費是普遍的生活方式。年輕人收入少，但消費多；老年人退休后享受優(yōu)越的退休金，但消費相對少。所以，年輕人多借錢消費(包括向父母借錢，這與中國不同)。而且，美國發(fā)達、完善的信用體制使幾乎所有人的消費靠借錢來完成。而從儲蓄模式來看，美國人的儲蓄率歷來很低，近年來，一直在零儲蓄率上徘徊。要消費，只能靠借錢。經濟增長模式。美國的經濟增長主要依靠消費驅動。其消費率長期為70%左右，投資率為15%左右，國際貿易方面嚴重入超。 (2)經濟管理思想。自上世紀70年代發(fā)生經濟“滯漲”以后，凱恩斯主義的“國家干預”政策遭到新古典自由主義的強烈批評，此后，新自由主義思潮受到追捧。80年代的“華盛頓共識”所倡導的“經濟自由、私有化、減少管制”成為指導西方國家經濟走向的主要道具。 (3)經濟環(huán)境與具體政策工具。美國2000年后陷入高科技泡沫破裂后的短暫衰退之中，在美聯儲前主席格林斯潘的主持下，連續(xù)13次大幅度消減聯邦基準利率，從最高6.5%下降到1%，強行向市場注入流動性資金，扼住了經濟下滑，也拉動了美國房地產連續(xù)多年繁榮。這正是這次次貸危機乃至金融危機爆發(fā)的直接導火線。在21世紀的最初幾年里，同樣的低利率政策，為什么美國偏偏房地產行業(yè)得以相對發(fā)展，而不是其他行業(yè)呢？原因是：網絡等高科技產業(yè)高速發(fā)展導致的泡沫破滅后，進入一個成長停滯期，抑制了大量資金對該行業(yè)的投入；20世紀六、七十年代，隨著勞動力成本的不斷提升，美國制造業(yè)，尤其是勞動密集型產業(yè)大量外移，形成國內產業(yè)空心化，加之服務業(yè)在繁榮之后的替代更新需要一定的時滯期，所以，這些行業(yè)投資機會較少。而且，從90年代開始，美國的房產一直處于穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)。在這種情況下，流動性資金開始注入該行業(yè)。(1034字) 參考范文
Financial Crisis
Financial crisis, also known as financial tsunami, refers to the dramatic deterioration of the financial indicators of a certain country or several countries and regions in the world. It can be classified as currency crisis, debt crisis, banking crisis, sub-loan crisis, etc. The feature of the crisis is that people are pessimistic about the economic future because of monetary depreciation occurring throughout the region. The causes for the crisis are complicated with multiple reasons, mainly from three aspects, i.e., the U.S. consumption habits of borrowing, the idea of free economic management, and the economic environment and specific policy instruments. (99 words)
3.管理類
Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
改變市場還是適應市場
身處一個充滿著不確定性因素的市場環(huán)境，企業(yè)是去改變它，還是去適應它？長期以來，這一直是企業(yè)管理者所面臨的最為關鍵的企業(yè)發(fā)展策略選擇之一。在某種程度上，這種選擇就像一場賭博。這種選擇不僅嚴酷，而且無法回避，要么去改變市場，要么去適應市場，對大多數企業(yè)而言，這兩種策略選擇都是排他的。如果你想靜待不確定性消失而后動，則可能會白白喪失一個獲得先發(fā)優(yōu)勢的良機。
改變市場和適應市場這兩種策略在實踐中表現為不同的形式。一般來講，市場的改變者往往會通過促使整個行業(yè)的行為方式發(fā)生變化而控制不確定性。為了做到這一點，有的企業(yè)會設法使自己的技術或業(yè)務流程成為新的行業(yè)標準；另外一些企業(yè)會致力于引進創(chuàng)新的產品、服務以及業(yè)務系統來重新定義行業(yè)競爭的基礎，在這一方面，美國西南航空公司采取低價和點到點空運模式，戴爾公司率先實施直銷策略等，都是很好的例子；還有一些市場改變者通過大膽的兼并或收購來重組不穩(wěn)定的行業(yè)環(huán)境，這方面的例子也不少見。
與市場改變者不同的是，市場適應者總是把現在和未來的行業(yè)市場結構和競爭行為當做是已有的外部環(huán)境。當市場穩(wěn)定時，市場適應者試圖在現存的行業(yè)市場結構之內謀求一個有利的位置。而當不確定性增加時，他們會根據市場的變化借助速度和靈活性來獲得機會。一些市場適應者可能會通過及時地緊跟一個潛在的市場領導者的引導來獲得市場先機；還有一些市場適應者會通過在產品、服務和業(yè)務系統方面進行不斷的試驗來逐步確定自己的策略。市場適應者采取的另一種辦法是，建立一個高度靈活的組織來應對市場的變化，他們不斷地招聘和培養(yǎng)成熟的具有管理技能的員工——不管市場如何變化，這樣的員工對客戶來講都是有價值的。
企業(yè)應該采取改變市場的策略還是適應市場的策略，在很大程度上取決于環(huán)境不確定性的程度和性質。簡單地講，當不確定性較高，而企業(yè)能對其中的變數施加影響時，改變市場的策略往往奏效；當創(chuàng)造價值的主要因素相對穩(wěn)定，而相關變數不能為企業(yè)所控制時，適應的策略才是應該優(yōu)先考慮的。
這其中的道理是顯而易見的。在一個高度不確定的市場，技術標準正在變化，競爭者出入不定，而消費者也還沒有鎖定自己喜愛的品牌。這樣的市場環(huán)境為改變策略的實施提供了很大的空間，一次大型的兼并，一項果斷的技術投資，一個強有力的產品捆綁策略，都很有可能會使混亂的市場格局變得井然有序，而新的市場格局對實施改變策略的企業(yè)當然是極為有利的。然而，在實踐中，當面臨著高度不確定性的環(huán)境時，企業(yè)的決策者總是偏向于采取適應的市場策略。之所以如此，部分原因在于決策者們習慣于依靠像波特的五種競爭力框架之類的理論工具來指導決策。對于相對穩(wěn)定的市場，運用這類理論工具能夠對未來的市場產生深刻的洞察力，然而，對于復雜多變的市場，這類工具卻很少能為決策者準確判斷未來的市場提供有力的支持。而要想成為一個成功的市場改變者，對未來有一個準確的預見是至關重要的。
應該指出的是，即使是最優(yōu)秀的企業(yè)也不可能在任何情況下都采取改變市場的策略并且獲得成功。一個成功的市場改變者必須具備很多品質，如；對未來發(fā)展的洞見、良好的聲譽、特定領域的領導地位、一流的技術或創(chuàng)新的能力，以及操作上的嫻熟等。并非所有的企業(yè)都具備這些品質。
企業(yè)決策者往往以為，適應市場的策略是一個容易實施的選擇。這種想法是錯誤的。首先，這種想法使得經理人員以為，適應市場的策略并不像改變市場的策略那樣需要較強的財務和心理承受力。其實并非如此。對于一個市場的適應者而言，要不斷地進行產品服務等方面的試驗，還要建立一個靈活的組織，這些都需要極大的財務上和心理上的承受能力；其次，這種想法會使經理人員以為，實施適應市場的策略只需消極而不是積極的管理就能成功。其實，一個市場的適應者也必須在捕捉機會、規(guī)避風險和業(yè)務調整等方面有相當的技巧，而這遠遠不是消極的管理所能做到的。(1561字)
參考范文
Changing the Market or Adapting to It
In face of a market environment full of uncertain factors, should an enterprise change it, or to adapt to it? This is a question which has confronted business managers in making their development strategies for long. Actually, these two strategies represent different forms in practice. Unlike those who try to change the market, adaptors always regard the market structure and competitive behavior as a given external environment. Whether an enterprise should take the strategy of changing the market environment or adapting to it depends largely on the environmental uncertainty and its nature. It is wrong to believe that the adaptive strategy is an easy job. (106 words)
(二)書信、備忘錄、報告：
1.投訴信：
Directions:
You live in a room in college which you share with another student. You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting and has parties in the room。
Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and ask for a new room next term. You would prefer a single room. Explain your reasons。
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to express/air dissatisfaction/disappointment/concern regarding accommodation. I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient。
I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties。
To solve this problem/surmount this difficulty/improve this situation/crack this hard nut, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned. I am sure you will agree that the only solution for me is to move into a room of my own. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible。
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
2.推薦信/求職信/求學信：
Directions:
One of your friends wants to apply for a job working with foreign teenagers. Write a letter to recommend him/her, describe his/her past experience, and explain the reasons。
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to recommend one of my best friends, Zhou Botong, for this post. With his outstanding leadership and cheerful personality, he was elected chairperson of the Student Union of Tsinghua University several times。
Busy as he was, he completed his major, teenage psychology, with an outstanding school record. Upon graduation he was assigned to be a teacher in Tsinghua Middle School. What is more, he loves his job and enjoys working with children. This won him great popularity among his students。
Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend him as an ideal candidate for the post you advertised. I am sure you will make a wise decision in hiring him。
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
3.備忘錄/報告：
Directions:
You are the president of a company. Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employee’s training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan。
Date：January 9, 2010
To：Percy Shelley, Vice President
From：Li Ming, President
Subject：Computer Training of the Staff
As we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff. We need to make up a plan for training our employees in the new field。
I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program. We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn。
Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover. Assume the class runs four hours a week for ten weeks. Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science.
二、寫作B節(jié)：預測：70%考圖畫作文，30%考圖表作文、情景作文或提綱作文
(一)圖畫作文：
1、最新大綱樣題：合作
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments。
You should write neatly on Answer Sheet 2.
(圖略)
As is subtly portrayed in the drawing, two handicapped young men are heading towards their destination with vigorous strides, leaving all their crutches behind. The hardship of disability being no longer an obstacle on their journey, they support each other with firm hands and proceed steadily. The caption indicates that they can travel north and south extensively with combined legs。
It is apparent that the cartoonist aims at reminding us of the importance of cooperation in our daily life. Hardly can anyone achieve success in his career without the assistance of his colleagues and partners. As competition in all lines of work grows increasingly fierce, we must defeat our rivals through powerful teamwork. Take basketball hero Yao Ming for an example, he can slam the dunk smartly because all his teammates contribute more or less to his outstanding performance. Likewise, the successful launching of Chang’e No.1 lunar probe should be attributed to the Chinese scientists’ joint efforts instead of individual accomplishment. If we work separately, we will be confined to frail minds and limited resources。
On the basis of the analysis above, we may draw a conclusion that cooperation and teamwork really count in this competitive society. Hence, we should associate ourselves harmoniously with our companions in every attempt towards our goals. In addition, it is indispensable to train our kids frequently to interact smoothly with others in a team. As the proverb goes, unity is strength。
2.環(huán)境問題：
Directions:
A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay in at least 150words。
B. Your essay must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET2.
C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1. Describe the pictures。
2. Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures。
3. Suggest counter measures。
(圖略)
As is symbolically portrayed in the pictures, with the speedy social and economic development, the number of fishes has sharply decreased. In one picture, there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat in 1900. On the contrary, in 1995 there was only one fish, but many fishing-boats。
The purpose of the pictures is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the decline of ocean resources. Owing to over-fishing, the number of fishes has obviously shrunk. If we let this situation go as it is, we do not know where fish will be in the forthcoming future. By that time, our environment will suffer a great destruction。
Hence, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws and regulations to control commercial fishing. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that the ocean resources are vital to us. Only in this way can we protect our ocean resources. Also I reckon that we humans can overcome this difficulty, and we will have a brighter future。
3.堅持/成功/奮斗/拼搏/創(chuàng)新：
Directions: Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the set of drawing,
2) interpret its meaning, and
3) support your view with examples。
(圖略)
It is vividly depicted in the cartoon that a boy is running along the racetrack with painstaking efforts, sweat pouring down his face. After a long journey, he is making the final spurt toward the finishing line, with strong determination to become a champion. It seems that he could rest for a while to enjoy the ecstasy of victory. However, straight ahead lies a sign which indicates a new “starting point” and urges him to continue rushing to the next destination。
Undoubtedly, the cartoon conveys the meaning that life is like the process of running in which one should make constant efforts and never stop making progress. Owing to the quickening pace of life, competition goes increasing fierce in all walks of life, stimulating everyone to pursue one goal after another. Once a person stops making progress, he can hardly maintain his past glory and survive in this competitive world. As Deng Xiaoping, the great Chinese leader said, “Development is inarguable truth。” No matter how powerful a specific institution is, it will definitely seek new development in high speed. Generally speaking, neither a country nor a person can remain stagnant。
A case in point is the successful launching of “Shenzhou Ⅶ Spacecraft” which sets China in a high position of aviation and space flight. Although it means a great achievement for us Chinese, we are facing new challenges in the forthcoming future and need to do further research in space technology. Another illustration is closely related to us, the examinees. If we pass this test and are confronted with the challenge of conquering the difficult graduate courses. We still have to strive for success in our future academic study, employment and career. On the whole, these examples effectively clarify the saying that “destination is another starting point。” (296 words)
4.信心/金融危機/甲流/就業(yè)難：
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) support your view with an example/examples。
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
(圖略)
As we can see from the picture, a football match is going on. On guarding the goal, the man on the left seems to be keeping a “huge goal” that is easy and inevitable for a goal, while the person on the right hesitates to kick the ball with an illusion about the “huge keeper”. It is obvious that both of them exaggerate the difficulties in front of them。
This picture does reflect a thought-provoking social phenomenon which is not uncommon in China now. The young always give up because the problem is beyond their ability to cope with. Superficially, it seems to be somewhat reasonable, but when weighing in the mind, we find there is an apparent tendency underlying this phenomenon: the lack of confidence. Firstly, it is well-known that we exist in a dynamic world with various difficulties. We can do nothing but face them. Secondly, attitude is the key point to take the first step. Assuming bravery and confidence to solve the problem, you will find the question is not as “huge” as you imagine. Take us for example, the entrance exam for graduate students even seems to be a horrible monster before us. Some people give up, some persist. So, with confidence and the right assessment of the difficulties, try and exert your strength, and then we will overcome all problems。
On the whole, I believe we young people should face the difficulties in right manner. And nothing is impossible, just do it。
5.交通問題：
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawings. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawings briefly,
2) explain their intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
(圖略)
The pictures vividly reveal that heavy traffic is becoming increasingly serious all over the world. In the first photo, there is traffic congestion on the road with numerous cars, trucks and buses. In the second picture, hundreds of people are waiting for a train。
We can deduce from the pictures that the photographer is trying to attract our attention to the issue of heavy traffic. First of all, every year men and women crowd into cities in search of employment, a decent living, and the excitement and stimulation of urban life. As people in mounting numbers flood into cities, city services and facilities have been strained to a breaking point. In addition, since in a city with booming industry, land is precious and cannot be extravagantly used by traffic, traffic flows constantly rise to fill whatever scale of roads and highways are provided for them。
It is imperative for us to improve this situation. For one thing, the number of private cars should be limited while more bus routes should be opened up because buses can accommodate more passengers. For another, more streets and roads should be constructed. Since neither of the suggestions can effectively solve the problem, there is an increased awareness that the two solutions may be combined with other possible solutions to produce the best effect。
