歷屆世博會(huì)簡(jiǎn)況：美國(guó)1876年費(fèi)城世博會(huì)英語(yǔ)介紹
"Centennial Exhibition" redirects here. For the 1939-1940 exhibition in Wellington, see New Zealand Centennial Exhibition.
The Centennial International Exhibition of 1876, the first official World’s Fair in the United States, was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia. It was officially the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine. It was held in Fairmount Park, along the Schuylkill River. The fairgrounds were designed by Hermann Schwarzmann. About 10 million visitors attended, equivalent to about 20% of the population of the United States at the time (though many were repeat visitors).
Structures
There were more than 200 buildings constructed within Exposition’s grounds which was surrounded by a fence nearly three miles long.[6] The Centennial Commission sponsored a design competition for the principal buildings. There were two rounds, winners of the first round had to have details such as construction cost and time prepared for the runoff on September 20, 1873. After the four design winners were chosen, it was determined that none of them allowed for enough time for construction and limited finances.
The Centennial Commission turned to architect Henry Pettit and engineer Joseph M. Wilson for design and construction of the Main Exhibition Building. A temporary structure, the Main Building was the largest building in the world by area, enclosing twenty-one and a half acres.[4] It was constructed using prefabricated parts, with a wood and iron frame resting on 672 stone piers, and took eighteen months to complete. Glass was used between the frames to allow in light. Inside, the central avenue was 120 ft (37 m) wide, 1,832 ft (558 m) long and 75 ft (23 m) high. 75 ft (23 m) tall towers sat at each of the buildings corners. Exhibits from the United States were placed in the center of the building and foreign exhibits were placed around the center based on the nation’s distance from the United States. Exhibits inside the Main Building dealt with mining, metallurgy, manufacturing, education and science.
To the west of the Main Building was Machinery Hall. Machinery Hall was also designed by Pettit and Wilson and was similarly designed except that the building’s frame was just made of wood. The building, which took six months to construct, was the second largest building at the Exposition and was 1,402 ft (427 m) long and 360 ft (110 m) wide. There was a 208 ft (63 m) by 210 ft (64 m) wing attached on the south side of the building. Exhibits displayed at Machinery Hall revolved around machines and industry.
The third largest structure at the Centennial was Agricultural Hall. Designed by James Windrim, Agricultural Hall was 820 ft (250 m) long and 540 ft (160 m) wide. Made of wood and glass, the building was designed to look like various barn structures pieced together. The building’s exhibits included products and machines in agriculture and other related businesses.
Unlike most of the buildings constructed for the Exposition, Horticultural_Hall was meant to be permanent. Horticultural Hall was designed by Hermann J. Schwarzmann. Schwarzmann, an engineer for the Fairmount Park Commission, had never designed a building before. Horticultural Hall had an iron and glass frame on a brick and marble foundation and was 383 ft (117 m) long, 193 ft (59 m) wide and 68 ft (21 m) tall.[10] The building was styled after Moorish architecture and designed as a tribute to The Crystal Palace from London’s Great Exhibition. The building’s exhibits specialized in horticulture and after the Exposition it continued to exhibit plants until it was badly damaged by Hurricane Hazel in 1954 and was demolished.
Also designed by Hermann J. Schwarzmann, Memorial Hall is made of brick, glass, iron and granite. Memorial Hall’s was designed in beaux-arts style and housed the art exhibits. The Centennial received so many art contributions a separate annex was built to house it all. Another building was built for the display of photography.[11] Memorial Hall continued to house the school, and afterwards and was taken over by the Fairmount Park Commission in 1958. The museum school is now the University of the Arts. The building was later used as a police station and has now been renovated to house the Please Touch Museum.
The British buildings were extensive and among other things showed to America the evolved bicycle with Tension Spokes and a large front wheel. Two English manufactures displayed their high wheel bikes (called "Ordinary bikes" or slang "penny farthings") at the Exposition: Bayless Thomas and Rudge. It was these displays which caused Col. A Pope to decide to begin making high wheel bikes in the USA. He started the Columbia Bike Company and within a few years was publishing a journal "LAW Bulletin and Good Roads". This was the beginning of the good roads movement by the bicycling faternity which led to the AAA pushing further in 1903.
Twenty-six U.S. states had their own building of which the Ohio House is the only one that still exists. Not including the United States, eleven nations also had their own building. The United States government had its own cross shaped building that held exhibits from various government departments. The Women’s Pavilion was the first structure at an international exposition devoted to showing off the work of women. The rest of the structures at the Centennial consisted of corporate pavilions, administration buildings, restaurants and other buildings designed for public comfort.
Exhibits
Technologies introduced at the fair include the Corliss Steam Engine. Pennsylvania Railroad displayed the John Bull steam locomotive that was originally built in 1831.[17] Waltham Watch Company displayed the first automatic screw making machinery and won the Gold Medal in the first international watch precision competition. Until the start of 2004, many of the fair’s exhibits were in the Smithsonian Institution’s Arts and Industries Building in Washington, DC, adjacent to the Castle building. During the Exposition the Turkish delegation presented marijuana to the United States for the first time, becoming one of the most visited exhibits of the fair[citation needed].
Consumer products first displayed to the public include:
* Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone
* Remington Typographic Machine (typewriter)
* Heinz Ketchup
* Wallace-Farmer Electric Dynamo, precursor to (electric light)
* Hires Root Beer
* Kudzu erosion control plant species
A reconstruction of a "colonial kitchen" replete with spinning wheel and costumed presenters sparked an era of "Colonial Revival" in American architecture and house furnishings. The Swedish Cottage, representing a rural Swedish schoolhouse of traditional style, was re-erected after the Exposition closed, in Central Park, New York. It is now the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre.
The New Jersey official State Pavilion was a reconstruction of the Ford Mansion, which served as General George Washington’s Headquarters during the winter of 1779-80 in Morristown, New Jersey. The reconstruction had a working "colonial kitchen" featuring a polemical narrative of "old-fashioned domesticity." This quaint hearth and home view of the colonial past was juxtaposed against the theme of progress, the overarching theme of the exhibition serving to reinforce a view of American progress evolving from a small hearty colonial stock and not from a continual influx of multi-ethnic waves of immigration.
The right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty were showcased at the Exposition. For a fee of 50 cents, visitors could climb the ladder to the balcony, and the money raised this way was used to fund the rest of the statue.
The building where visitors picked up official Exposition catalogues was, after the Exposition, dismantled and moved to Wayne, Pennsylvania and later Strafford, Pennsylvania, where it still stands, serving as that community’s train station.
1876年費(fèi)城世博會(huì)
1876年，美國(guó)費(fèi)城舉辦世界博覽會(huì)，這是美國(guó)歷史上的第一次世界博覽會(huì)。這一年，適逢美國(guó)建國(guó)百年紀(jì)念年。它的意義，絕不只在美國(guó)首次獲得了世博會(huì)的舉辦權(quán)；通過(guò)博覽會(huì)，美國(guó)要向世界展示一個(gè)新興工業(yè)國(guó)家的崛起，證明它已走歐洲工業(yè)強(qiáng)國(guó)的陰影。美國(guó)要向世界宣布：一個(gè)美國(guó)時(shí)代即將到來(lái)。
概況
1876年費(fèi)城世博會(huì)的參展國(guó)并不是都有獨(dú)立的國(guó)家館，35個(gè)參展國(guó)中只有15個(gè)國(guó)家建有自己的展館。例如中國(guó)是參展國(guó)之一，但沒(méi)有獨(dú)立的中國(guó)館建筑，只是在主辦國(guó)的主展廳中擁有“大清國(guó)”展區(qū)；而日本建有獨(dú)立的日本館，同時(shí)還擁有主題館中的日本展區(qū)。這15個(gè)國(guó)家館的主要功能并不是用來(lái)展示展品，當(dāng)時(shí)的國(guó)家館根本就不在游客的參觀計(jì)劃中，因?yàn)閰⒄箛?guó)的代表性展品都在各主題館集中展示。那么，1876年世博會(huì)的參展國(guó)國(guó)家館到底用來(lái)做什么呢？文獻(xiàn)記載表明，15個(gè)國(guó)家館主要充當(dāng)了本國(guó)參展人員的駐地，有些國(guó)家館負(fù)責(zé)接洽遠(yuǎn)道而來(lái)的本國(guó)游客，有些國(guó)家館是本國(guó)外交官員舉行招待會(huì)的場(chǎng)所，有些國(guó)家館根本就不對(duì)外開(kāi)放。這一點(diǎn)與現(xiàn)代世博會(huì)的參展國(guó)展館是完全不相同的。
簡(jiǎn)要信息
名稱：美國(guó)獨(dú)立百年展覽會(huì)
地點(diǎn)：美國(guó)費(fèi)城
會(huì)期：1876年5月10日至1876年11月10日
參加國(guó)：35個(gè)
參觀者：1000萬(wàn)
背景
19世紀(jì)70年代，美國(guó)作為一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)大國(guó)，正從西半球昂揚(yáng)崛起，創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)強(qiáng)國(guó)發(fā)展的奇跡。當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)位居世界第四，至19世紀(jì)80年代，美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)已居世界第一。
1860到1880年，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化過(guò)程進(jìn)展迅速，造就了高度發(fā)達(dá)的農(nóng)業(yè)。同時(shí)，美國(guó)的煤炭、鋼鐵、石油產(chǎn)量逐步超越了英法等國(guó)，交通迅速發(fā)展，1875年每天進(jìn)出芝加哥的火車達(dá)750列。當(dāng)工業(yè)化基本實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí)，美國(guó)已經(jīng)成為世界上經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力最強(qiáng)大的國(guó)家。
19世紀(jì)70年代的美國(guó)，無(wú)疑是地球上最生機(jī)勃勃、蒸蒸日上的國(guó)度。世博會(huì)這個(gè)舞臺(tái)，它總是在一定的時(shí)間與空間里，展示著人類最新的發(fā)展。歷史的發(fā)展，注定讓世博會(huì)不會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)美國(guó)。
舉辦歷程
早在19世紀(jì)60年代，美國(guó)已經(jīng)有舉行慶祝美國(guó)獨(dú)立100周年紀(jì)念活動(dòng)的計(jì)劃。曾擔(dān)任美國(guó)駐法外交官的畢格羅(Hon·John Bigelow)、曾任職1867年巴黎世博會(huì)美國(guó)參展團(tuán)的諾頓將軍(General Charles B. Norton)以及大學(xué)教授坎貝爾(J.L.Campbell)，寫信給當(dāng)時(shí)的費(fèi)城市市長(zhǎng)，建議在費(fèi)城舉辦世博會(huì)作為百年慶典活動(dòng)。其間沉寂了許久，直到 1871年3月3日，國(guó)會(huì)終于通過(guò)舉辦1876年費(fèi)城世博會(huì)的議案，成立了“美利堅(jiān)獨(dú)立百年展委員會(huì)”負(fù)責(zé)籌辦事務(wù)。同時(shí)，議案明確規(guī)定：美國(guó)政府對(duì)此類事務(wù)產(chǎn)生的費(fèi)用不負(fù)有責(zé)任（The United States shall not be liable for any expenses attending such exhibition, or by reason of the same）。
這是迄今查閱到的美國(guó)政府對(duì)于世博會(huì)資金問(wèn)題最早、最明確的態(tài)度?？荚嚧螅珖?guó)最大教育類網(wǎng)站(www．Examda。com)
事實(shí)上，美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)1871年的這一決定從根本上決定了美國(guó)世博會(huì)的主辦模式。與此前歐洲世博會(huì)政府撥款相比，籌辦1876費(fèi)城世博會(huì)需要更多的勇氣和智慧。
然而，籌建世博會(huì)終究是不能沒(méi)有美元的。那么，費(fèi)城世博會(huì)資金到底從哪里來(lái)呢？國(guó)會(huì)決定于1872年6月1日成立“百年紀(jì)念展融資部(Centennial Board of Finance)”專門負(fù)責(zé)籌集和使用資金，并且授權(quán)融資部發(fā)售股票和紀(jì)念章。
自1872年11月21日，融資部開(kāi)始發(fā)行總值不超過(guò)1000萬(wàn)美元債券，每份10美元，發(fā)售3個(gè)月，最終獲得資金250萬(wàn)美元；自1874年6月16日起，由融資部出售美國(guó)獨(dú)立百年紀(jì)念章、小禮品等，面值1～11美元不等，最終獲得50萬(wàn)美元。值得一提的是，盡管聯(lián)邦政府只肯貸款不肯撥款，但賓夕法尼亞州和費(fèi)城市分別撥款100萬(wàn)和150萬(wàn)美元直接用于世博會(huì)，費(fèi)城還出資 250萬(wàn)美元在舒約契爾河上建了一座橋作為世博會(huì)場(chǎng)址的前期準(zhǔn)備。
開(kāi)幕式
1873年7月3日，格蘭特總統(tǒng)鄭重宣布了世博會(huì)的開(kāi)幕日期，同時(shí)向各國(guó)使館發(fā)出參展邀請(qǐng)。1874年，各類展館先后開(kāi)始建造。直至1876年4月，大部分展館準(zhǔn)備就緒。
盡管下著雨，但仍有20萬(wàn)參觀者出席了開(kāi)幕式。出席開(kāi)幕式的有：美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)全體成員、37個(gè)參展國(guó)的官員及隨行人員、巴西國(guó)王佩德羅二世，還有特別以5000美元的出場(chǎng)費(fèi)邀請(qǐng)到的德國(guó)作曲家理查德·瓦格納（Richard Wagner）。
下午，美國(guó)總統(tǒng)格蘭特與巴西國(guó)王佩德羅二世一起拉動(dòng)開(kāi)關(guān)，啟動(dòng)了作為總動(dòng)力源的600噸柯立斯蒸汽機(jī)，這在當(dāng)時(shí)是功率最大的。于是，千百臺(tái)機(jī)械和泵齊聲轟鳴，展廳在隆隆聲中微微振動(dòng)，人們歡呼雀躍著，將禮帽拋向空中。
展館
美國(guó)政府館是最大的國(guó)家館，是用以展示的。國(guó)家館包含了美國(guó)郵政部、農(nóng)業(yè)部、專利局、國(guó)家博物館、國(guó)防部、國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室等機(jī)構(gòu)的大型展示，其中僅美國(guó)專利局就展示了6萬(wàn)張發(fā)明圖片和5000多個(gè)發(fā)明模型，吸引了大量游客。
值得一提的是，這屆世博會(huì)的參展國(guó)并不是都有獨(dú)立的國(guó)家館，35個(gè)參展國(guó)中只有15個(gè)國(guó)家建有自己的展館。例如中國(guó)是參展國(guó)之一，但沒(méi)有獨(dú)立的中國(guó)館建筑，只是在主辦國(guó)的主展廳中擁有“大清國(guó)”展區(qū)；而日本建有獨(dú)立的日本館，同時(shí)還擁有主題館中的日本展區(qū)。這15個(gè)國(guó)家館的主要功能并不是用來(lái)展示展品，當(dāng)時(shí)的國(guó)家館根本就不在游客的參觀計(jì)劃中，因?yàn)閰⒄箛?guó)的代表性展品都在各主題館集中展示。那么，1876年世博會(huì)的參展國(guó)國(guó)家館到底用來(lái)做什么呢？文獻(xiàn)記載表明，15個(gè)國(guó)家館主要充當(dāng)了本國(guó)參展人員的駐地，有些國(guó)家館負(fù)責(zé)接洽遠(yuǎn)道而來(lái)的本國(guó)游客，有些國(guó)家館是本國(guó)外交官員舉行招待會(huì)的場(chǎng)所，有些國(guó)家館根本就不對(duì)外開(kāi)放。這一點(diǎn)與現(xiàn)代世博會(huì)的參展國(guó)展館是完全不相同的。
另外，美國(guó)各州分別出資建立了州館，州館作為地方性展館，在規(guī)格與功能上竟與大部分的參展國(guó)展館類似。州館主要充當(dāng)各州參展事務(wù)辦公室或接待室。例如，有些州的行政長(zhǎng)官在本州展館內(nèi)接待市民，有些州館為本州游客提供郵政服務(wù)等。從數(shù)量上看，美國(guó)共建了24個(gè)州館，而參展國(guó)國(guó)家館總共才有15個(gè)。
展品
主廳：美國(guó)展品占據(jù)了一半；
機(jī)械宮：美國(guó)展品占據(jù)了3/4；
紀(jì)念宮：歐洲頂級(jí)藝術(shù)大師的作品寥寥無(wú)幾；
農(nóng)業(yè)宮：美國(guó)展品占據(jù)了2/3；
園藝宮：基本全是美國(guó)展品；
對(duì)于參展國(guó)展品，美國(guó)的態(tài)度是：展覽結(jié)束后，參展國(guó)如欲在美國(guó)售出展品，就必須遵從高額的進(jìn)口關(guān)稅；否則，只能花費(fèi)代價(jià)運(yùn)回本國(guó)。美國(guó)政府館是最大的國(guó)家館，是用以展示的。國(guó)家館包含了美國(guó)郵政部、農(nóng)業(yè)部、專利局、國(guó)家博物館、國(guó)防部、國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室等機(jī)構(gòu)的大型展示，其中僅美國(guó)專利局就展示了6萬(wàn)張發(fā)明圖片和5000多個(gè)發(fā)明模型，吸引了大量游客。來(lái)源：www.examda.com
美國(guó)各州分別出資建立了州館，州館作為地方性展館，在規(guī)格與功能上竟與大部分的參展國(guó)展館類似。州館主要充當(dāng)各州參展事務(wù)辦公室或接待室。例如，有些州的行政長(zhǎng)官在本州展館內(nèi)接待市民，有些州館為本州游客提供郵政服務(wù)等。從數(shù)量上看，美國(guó)共建了24個(gè)州館，而參展國(guó)國(guó)家館總共才有15個(gè)?！ ?/span>
美國(guó)館
美國(guó)政府館是最大的國(guó)家館，是用以展示的。國(guó)家館包含了美國(guó)郵政部、農(nóng)業(yè)部、專利局、國(guó)家博物館、國(guó)防部、國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室等機(jī)構(gòu)的大型展示，其中僅美國(guó)專利局就展示了6萬(wàn)張發(fā)明圖片和5000多個(gè)發(fā)明模型，吸引了大量游客。來(lái)源：考試大
值得一提的是，這屆世博會(huì)的參展國(guó)并不是都有獨(dú)立的國(guó)家館，35個(gè)參展國(guó)中只有15個(gè)國(guó)家建有自己的展館。例如中國(guó)是參展國(guó)之一，但沒(méi)有獨(dú)立的中國(guó)館建筑，只是在主辦國(guó)的主展廳中擁有“大清國(guó)”展區(qū)；而日本建有獨(dú)立的日本館，同時(shí)還擁有主題館中的日本展區(qū)。這15個(gè)國(guó)家館的主要功能并不是用來(lái)展示展品，當(dāng)時(shí)的國(guó)家館根本就不在游客的參觀計(jì)劃中，因?yàn)閰⒄箛?guó)的代表性展品都在各主題館集中展示。那么，1876年世博會(huì)的參展國(guó)國(guó)家館到底用來(lái)做什么呢？文獻(xiàn)記載表明，15個(gè)國(guó)家館主要充當(dāng)了本國(guó)參展人員的駐地，有些國(guó)家館負(fù)責(zé)接洽遠(yuǎn)道而來(lái)的本國(guó)游客，有些國(guó)家館是本國(guó)外交官員舉行招待會(huì)的場(chǎng)所，有些國(guó)家館根本就不對(duì)外開(kāi)放。這一點(diǎn)與現(xiàn)代世博會(huì)的參展國(guó)展館是完全不相同的。
另外，美國(guó)各州分別出資建立了州館，州館作為地方性展館，在規(guī)格與功能上竟與大部分的參展國(guó)展館類似。州館主要充當(dāng)各州參展事務(wù)辦公室或接待室。例如，有些州的行政長(zhǎng)官在本州展館內(nèi)接待市民，有些州館為本州游客提供郵政服務(wù)等。從數(shù)量上看，美國(guó)共建了24個(gè)州館，而參展國(guó)國(guó)家館總共才有15個(gè)。
