中級美國英語動詞不定式（一）
一.本課要點及示例
在這一課里, 我們學習動詞加上 to, t-o, to 再加上另外一個動詞的用法, 比方"拒絕參加" refuse to join, "要求得到" demand to get 等等. 我們還要學習許多關于工會的詞匯.
首先我們來聽今天這一課的對話,內容是說凱特和他的同事比爾談起了參加教師工會的事情, 請你注意聽兩位英文老師的發(fā)音和語調.
F: Are you going to the union meeting tonight?
M: No, I refused to join a union. It's not professional.
F: I used to think that way, but not anymore. The union is here to stay, and I think it is a good thing.
M: Why do we need to have a union?
F: They communicate our views to the school board.
M: They demand to get more money and lighter workloads.
F: They work to get better learning situations for our students.
M: Like what?
F: They managed to get the school board to control class size and offer more courses.
M: Yes, they were helpful in those cases, but I still don't want to join the union.
現(xiàn)在我請英文老師用慢速度再把整段對話念一遍.
F: Are you going to the union meeting tonight?
M: No, I refused to join a union. It's not professional.
F: I used to think that way, but not anymore. The union is here to stay, and I think it is a good thing.
M: Why do we need to have a union?
F: They communicate our views to the school board.
M: They demand to get more money and lighter workloads.
F: They work to get better learning situations for our students.
M: Like what?
F: They managed to get the school board to control class size and offer more courses.
M: Yes, they were helpful in those cases, but I still don't want to join the union.
下面我們再把對話里包含了今天要學的語法的句子挑出來, 用慢速度念一遍給你聽.
M: I refuse to join a union. I don't want to join the union.
F: I used to think that way.
M: Why do we need to have a union?
M: They demand to get more money.
F: They work to get better learning situations.
F: They managed to get the school board to control class size.
二.NEED TO
聽了上面那些句子, 我想你已經注意到用 to 連接的兩個動詞可以用來說明同一個主語. 現(xiàn)在我們作幾組練習, 多學學這類動詞詞組. 首先我們學習 need to have. 比方 "工人需要減輕工作量." 這句話英文可以這樣說: Workers need to have lighter workloads.
下面英文老師用 need to have 作一些句子, 說明工人需要有什么, 比方 "較高的工資" higher wages, "小額優(yōu)惠" fringe benefits, "職業(yè)保障" job protection, "退休金" retirement pension,"工會代表" union representatives 等等. 你注意聽老師念句子, 并且跟著學生把句子重復一遍.
M: Workers need to have higher wages.
F: Workers need to have higher wages.
M: Workers need to have better working conditions.
F: Workers need to have better working conditions.
M: Workers need to have more fringe benefits.
F: Workers need to have more fringe benefits.
M: Workers need to have job protection.
F: Workers need to have job protection.
M: Workers need to have retirement pension.
F: Workers need to have retirement pension.
M: Workers need to have unions.
F: Workers need to have unions.
M: Workers need to have representatives.
F: Workers need to have representatives.
三.DEMAND TO GET, ARE ALLOWED TO 和 WANT TO
剛才那些新詞匯如果你還不太熟沒有關系. 現(xiàn)在我們作一組代換練習把這些詞匯練習一下; 不過這次我請英文老師用 "需要得到" demand to get 作句子.練習的作法是老師念一個句子, 接著老師念出一個詞組, 學生就把詞組代換到原來的句子里. 在學生作練習的時候, 請你也一起作.
M: Workers demand to get higher wages.
M: better working conditions
F: Workers demand to get better working conditions.
M: more fringe benefits
F: Workers demand to get more fringe benefits.
M: job protection
F: Workers demand to get job protection.
M: retirement pension
F: Workers demand to get retirement pension.
M: lighter workloads
F: Workers demand to get lighter workloads
下面我們練習用 are allowed to 加上另外一個動詞作一些被動語態(tài)句子,說明美國法律準許工人作什么事, 比方 "組織工會" form a union, "表示意見"express opinions, "組織罷工" organize a strike, "跟資方討價還價" bargain with the management 等等. 老師念第一個句子之后, 接著老師會念出一些詞組,請你把你聽到的代換到原來的句子里. 每作完一句, 老師會把句子再念一遍給你聽. 我們現(xiàn)在開始.
M: Workers are allowed to form a union.
M: select their representatives
F: Workers are allowed to select their representatives.
M: express their opinions
F: Workers are allowed to express their opinions.
M: organize a strike
F: Workers are allowed to organize a strike.
M: bargain with the management
F: Workers are allowed to bargain with the management.
下面我們用 want to 加上另外一個動詞作一些句子, 學學工會要作些什么事情. 在這組練習里你不但可以復習語法, 也可以學到一些有用的詞匯, 比方"改善" improve, "磋商" negotiate, "吸收新會員" recruit new members 等等.現(xiàn)在請你注意聽老師念句子, 每念完一句就請你跟著學生一起把句子重復一遍.
M: The unions want to represent workers.
F: The unions want to represent workers.
M: The unions want to recruit new members.
F: The unions want to recruit new members.
M: The unions want to improve workers' working situations.
F: The unions want to improve workers' working situations.
M: The unions want to negotiate with the management.
F: The unions want to negotiate with the management.
M: The unions want to communicate with the management.
F: The unions want to communicate with the management.
四.REFUSE TO, MANAGE TO等等
下面我們作一組練習, 學學怎么用 refuse to 加上另外一個動詞來說明拒絕作什么事. 練習的作法是老師提出一些有關勞資雙方討價還價的問題, 比方老師問你: "資方拒絕妥協(xié)了嗎?" Did the management refuse to compromise? 接著老師說: No, 你就回答說: No, they didn't refuse to compromise. 老師也許問你:"資方拒絕雇更多人嗎?"Did the management refuse to hire more people?接著老師說: Yes,那么你就回答說: Yes, they refused to hire more people. 在這組練習里, 你還可以學到其他有用的詞匯, 比方 "討論" discuss, "減輕工作量" reduce workloads, "加薪" raise salaries 等等. 現(xiàn)在我們開始作練習, 每作完一句就請你聽老師念正確答案.
M: Did the management refuse to discuss with the union?
M: No
F: No, they didn't refuse to discuss.
M: Did the management refuse to compromise?
M: No
F: No, they didn't refuse to compromise.
M: Did the management refuse to reduce the workloads?
M: Yes
F: Yes, they refused to reduce the workloads.
M: Did the management refuse to hire more people?
M: Yes
F: Yes, they refused to hire more people.
M: Did the management refuse to raise the salaries?
M: No
F: No, they didn't refuse to raise the salaries.
下面我們用 managed to 作一些過去時態(tài)句子, 說明工會設法作了什么事. 練習的作法是老師念一個句子, 比方: "工會設法吸收了新會員." The unions managed to recruit new members. 接著老師提出一個詞組, 比方 "充實力量"gain strength, "獲得效率" gain effectiveness, "爭取更好的合同" get a better contract 等等, 學生就把他聽到的詞組代換到原來的句子里, 在學生作練習的時候請你也一起作.
M: The unions managed to recruit new members.
M: gain strength
F: The unions managed to gain strength.
M: gain effectiveness
F: The unions managed to gain effectiveness.
M: organize a strike
F: The unions managed to organize a strike.
M: negotiate with the management
F: The unions managed to negotiate with the management.
M: communicate workers' views to the management
F: The unions managed to communicate workers' views to the management.
M: get a good contract
F: The unions managed to get a good contract.
下面我們作一組綜合練習, 用不同動詞詞組學學美國勞資雙方怎么解決彼此之間的歧見.在這組練習里你可以練習幾個很有用的動詞,比方 "同意" agree,"威脅" threaten, "合作" cooperate 等等. 練習的作法是老師用疑問詞提出一個問題, 接著老師念出一個詞組, 請你用老師給你的詞組來回答問題. 每作完一句, 就請你聽老師念正確答案.
M: What did workers want to do?
M: get higher wages
F: Workers wanted to get higher wages.
M: What did they begin to do ?
M: organize a union
F: They began to organize a union.
M: What did the union manage to do?
M: bargain with the management
F: The union managed to bargain with the management.
M: What did the union threaten to do?
M: organize a strike
F: The union threatened to organize a strike.
M: What did the management agree to do?
M: cooperate with the union
F: The management agreed to cooperate with the union.
M: What did the management decide to do?
M: raise workers' salaries
F: The management decided to raise the workers' salaries.
五.聽短文回答問題
今天我們要聽一篇介紹美國工會的文章. 這篇文章不但提到工會成立的經過,也談到了什么是 "集體談判" collective bargaining.現(xiàn)在請你注意聽.
Nearly 100 years ago, America's working people began to join together to improve their wages and their working situations. They formed unions. The unions presented a united position among workers in discussions with owners of businesses and factories. This idea became known as collective bargaining. Unions were started at separate local factories. Slowly unions in several factories started to join together. As they gained size, the unions were able to gain strength and effectiveness. By the 1950's unions were successfully representing their members in most American industries. Unions began as organizations for factory workers. Later skilled workers such as electricians and plumbers organized into unions. Recently professional people have also begun to form unions. Many teachers and nurses, for example, belong to unions. Today the largest unions have several million members. The unions not only represent the workers in discussions with business management. They also train workers for jobs, give members money if they lose their jobs, and pay workers pensions when they retire. In many situations, a person is not allowed to take a job unless he belongs to the union. Unions have become established institutions of American industry. Unions and management have learned to work for the benefit of both workers and owners.
現(xiàn)在我們先把今天測驗的問題聽一遍.
第一個問題是:
M: Why do American workers join unions?
第二個問題是:
M: What do unions do nowadays?
第三個問題是:
M: Are there professional unions in the United States?
現(xiàn)在我們再聽英文老師用慢速度把整篇文章念一遍.
Nearly 100 years ago, America's working people began to join together to improve their wages and their working situations. They formed unions. The unions presented a united position among workers in discussions with owners of businesses and factories. This idea became known as collective bargaining. Unions were started at separate local factories. Slowly unions in several factories started to join together. As they gained size, the unions were able to gain strength and effectiveness. By the 1950's unions were successfully representing their members in most American industries. Unions began as organizations for factory workers. Later skilled workers such as electricians and plumbers organized into unions. Recently professional people have also begun to form unions. Many teachers and nurses, for example, belong to unions. Today the largest unions have several million members. The unions not only represent the workers in discussions with business management. They also train workers for jobs, give members money if they lose their jobs, and pay workers pensions when they retire. In many situations, a person is not allowed to take a job unless he belongs to the union. Unions have become established institutions of American industry. Unions and management have learned to work for the benefit of both workers and owners.
現(xiàn)在請你回答你剛才聽過的三個問題. 每回答一個問題,老師就會念出正確答案讓你作個比較, 看你是不是答對了. 只要意思答對了就行, 不一定要每個字跟老師的說法一樣. 現(xiàn)在我們開始.
第一個問題是:
M: Why do American workers join unions?
F: They join unions to improve their wages and working situations.
第二個問題是:
M: What do unions do nowadays?
F: They represent the workers, train them for jobs, give unemployed members money and pay retirement pensions.
第三個問題是:
M: Are there professional unions in the United States?
F: Yes, there are.
