中級(jí)美國(guó)英語(yǔ)虛擬語(yǔ)氣（三）
一.本課要點(diǎn)及示例
在這一課里, 我們學(xué)習(xí)用 "如果" if, i-f, if 和過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)作句子來(lái)表示跟過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的條件和結(jié)果.比方,"當(dāng)時(shí)我要是看見了你,我一定會(huì)跟你打招呼的."這句話英文應(yīng)該這樣說(shuō): If I had seen you. I certainly would have said hello to you.
下面我們念一段對(duì)話, 多舉幾個(gè)例子給你聽.這段對(duì)話的內(nèi)容是說(shuō)凱特跟同事比爾談起了他們小時(shí)候上歷史課的事情. 請(qǐng)你注意聽兩位英文老師的發(fā)音和語(yǔ)調(diào).
M: When did you decide to become a school teacher,Kate?
F: When I was in grade school, I had a teacher who I liked very much. I wanted to be like she was.
M: What made her so special?
F: She used to make things interesting and exciting to learn.
M: Like what?
F: If you had heard her history lessons, you would have thought that history was fascinating.
M: If you had been in our history class, you would have found history very boring. Our teacher just taught names and dates.
F: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become something besides a teacher.
M: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become a history teacher instead of a gym teacher.
現(xiàn)在我們把對(duì)話再念一遍給你聽. 這次老師念得比較慢, 請(qǐng)你注意聽.
M: When did you decide to become a school teacher,Kate?
F: When I was in grade school, I had a teacher who I liked very much. I wanted to be like she was.
M: What made her so special?
F: She used to make things interesting and exciting to learn.
M: Like what?
F: If you had heard her history lessons, you would have thought that history was fascinating.
M: If you had been in our history class, you would have found history very boring. Our teacher just taught names and dates.
F: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become something besides a teacher.
M: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become a history teacher instead of a gym teacher.
下面兩位老師把對(duì)話里包含了今天要學(xué)的語(yǔ)法的句子挑出來(lái),再念一遍給你聽.
F: If you had heard her history lessons, you would have thought that history was fascinating.
M: If you had been in our history class, you would have found history very boring.
F: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become something besides a teacher.
M: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become a history teacher.
二.用 IF 引導(dǎo)跟過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況
聽了上面那些句子, 我想你已經(jīng)注意到怎么樣用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)作句子來(lái)表達(dá)跟過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況. 現(xiàn)在我們開始作練習(xí), 多學(xué)學(xué)這種說(shuō)法. 第一組練習(xí)的作法是比爾用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)說(shuō)明發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情. 凱特就用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)作假設(shè)性句子, 說(shuō)明如果比爾過(guò)去那么作了, 他可能會(huì)有什么結(jié)果. 下面就是一個(gè)例子:
M: I wasn't in your class. I didn't become a history teacher.
F: If you had been in my class,maybe you would have become a history teacher.
現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)你一邊聽句子的意思, 一邊注意語(yǔ)法的變化.
M: I wasn't in your class. I didn't become a history teacher.
F: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have become a history teacher.
M: I wasn't in your class. I didn't think that history was fascinating.
F: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have thought that history was fascinating.
M: I wasn't in your class. I didn't think that history was exciting.
F: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have thought that history was exciting.
下面改由凱特念過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)句子;比爾念的是假設(shè)性句子.還是請(qǐng)你注意聽.
F: I wasn't in your class. I didn't become a gym teacher.
M: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have become a gym teacher.
F: I wasn't in your class. I didn't think that history was boring.
M: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have thought that history was boring.
F: I wasn't in your class. I didn't think that history was just names and dates.
M: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have thought that history was just names and dates.
在剛才那組練習(xí)里我們用 "也許" maybe 加上 would 再加上完成時(shí)態(tài)作了一些假設(shè)性句子, 這種說(shuō)法也可以改用 might 加上完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表達(dá). 比方:Maybe he would have become a history teacher. 可以改為 He might have become a history teacher. 下面我們作一組練習(xí)把這兩種說(shuō)法作個(gè)比較.首先請(qǐng)你注意聽老師用第一種說(shuō)法說(shuō)一句話,然后請(qǐng)你跟學(xué)生一起改用代名詞跟第二種說(shuō)法把那句話表達(dá)出來(lái).下面就是一個(gè)例子:
M: If Bill had been in Kate's class, maybe he would have become a history teacher.
F: If he had been in her class, he might have become a history teacher.
現(xiàn)在我們開始作練習(xí).
M: If Bill had been in Kate's class, maybe he would have become a history teacher.
F: If he had been in her class, he might have become a history teacher.
M: If Bill had been in Kate's class, maybe he would have thought that history was fascinating.
F: If he had been in her class, he might have thought that history was fascinating.
M: If Bill had been in Kate's class, maybe he would have thought that history was exciting.
F: If he had been in her class, he might have thought that history was exciting.
M: If Kate had been in Bill's class, maybe she would have become a gym teacher.
F: If she had been in his class, she might have become a gym teacher.
M: If Kate had been in Bill's class, maybe she would have thought that history was boring.
F: If she had been in his class, she might have thought that history was boring.
M: If Kate had been in Bill's class, maybe she would have thought that history was just names and dates.
F: If she had been in his class, she might have thought that history was just names and dates.
下面我們用美國(guó)歷史作例子, 學(xué)學(xué)跟過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的說(shuō)法. 練習(xí)的作法是老師用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)說(shuō)出美國(guó)歷史上的一項(xiàng)事實(shí),比方"移民來(lái)到美洲; 殖 民地因此成立." The immigrants came to America. The colonies were established. 學(xué)生就把句子改成:"如果移民沒(méi)有到美洲, 殖民地就不會(huì)成立." If the immigrants hadn't come to America, the colonies wouldn't have been established. 在這組練習(xí)里有些新詞匯,比方 "壓迫" oppress, "革命" revolution,"打敗" defeat,"奴隸" slave 等等. 請(qǐng)你注意聽. 學(xué)生作句子的時(shí)候請(qǐng)你也一起作.
M: The immigrants came to America. The colonies were established.
F: If the immigrants hadn't come to America, the colonies wouldn't have been established.
M: The taxes were raised.The colonists were unhappy.
F: If the taxes hadn't been raised, the colonists wouldn't have been unhappy.
M: The colonists were oppressed. There was a revolution.
F: If the colonists hadn't been oppressed, there wouldn't have been a revolution.
M: The colonists fought the revolution against the British. They gained independence.
F: If the colonists hadn't fought the revolution against the British, they wouldn't have gained independence.
M: The colonists gained independence. The U.S. became a country.
F: If the colonists hadn't gained independence, the U.S. wouldn't have become a country.
M: France needed money. It sold a piece of land to the U.S.
F: If France hadn't needed money, it wouldn't have sold a piece of land to the U.S.
M: The U.S. bought that piece of land. The size of the U.S. doubled.
F: If the U.S. hadn't bought that piece of land, the size of the U.S. wouldn't have doubled.
M: People of Texas fought a war against Mexico. They became independent.
F: If people of Texas hadn't fought a war against Mexico, they wouldn't have become independent.
M: Texas became independent. It joined the U.S.
F: If Texas hadn't become independent, it wouldn't have joined the U.S.
M: The U.S. defeated Mexico. California and New Mexico became part of the U.S.
F: If the U.S. hadn't defeated Mexico, California and New Mexico wouldn't have become part of the U.S.
M: The North won the Civil War. Slaves were freed.
F: If the North hadn't won the Civil War, slaves wouldn't have been freed.
M: Russia sold Alaska to the U.S. It became an American state.
F: If Russia hadn't sold Alaska to the U.S., it wouldn't have become an American state.
現(xiàn)在我們?cè)賮?lái)練習(xí)怎么表達(dá)跟過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的條件和結(jié)果.下面我們還是請(qǐng)老師用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)說(shuō)出美國(guó)歷史上的一些事跡, 比方 "英國(guó)宣稱北美洲部分土地屬于他們. 因此加拿大沒(méi)有變成美國(guó)的一部分." England claimed part of North America.Canada didn't become part of the U.S. 請(qǐng)你用 might 把句子改成"如果英國(guó)沒(méi)有宣稱北美洲部分土地屬于他們, 加拿大就可能變成美國(guó)的一部分." If England hadn't claimed part of North America, Canada might have become part of the U.S.這組練習(xí)里也有一些有用的詞匯, 比方 "解決" settle, "歧見" difference, "妥協(xié)" compromise, "反對(duì)" oppose. "避免" prevent 等等,請(qǐng)你在作練習(xí)的時(shí)候特別注意聽.你每作完一句老師就會(huì)念正確答案給你聽.
現(xiàn)在我們開始.
M: England claimed part of North America. Canada didn't become part of the U.S.
F: If England hadn't claimed part of North America, Canada might have become part of the U.S.
M: England and the U.S. settled their differences.They didn't go to war.
F: If England and the U.S. hadn't settled their differences, they might have gone to war.
M: England and the U.S. compromised. They didn't fight against each other.
F: If England and the U.S. hadn't compromised, they might have fought against each other.
M: The South opposed President Lincoln's policy. The Civil War couldn't be prevented.
F: If the South hadn't opposed President Lincoln's policy, the Civil War might have been prevented.
M: The South was defeated. The U.S. didn't become two countries.
F: If the South hadn't been defeated, the U.S. might have become two countries.
三.聽短文回答問(wèn)題
今天我們要聽的文章簡(jiǎn)單談到美國(guó)建國(guó)的經(jīng)過(guò); 文章里許多詞匯和句子都是我們剛才練習(xí)過(guò)的.
現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)你注意聽. 等一會(huì)我們要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容問(wèn)你幾個(gè)問(wèn)題.
Compared to the history of China, the history of the United States is quite short. It began little more than 200 years ago. In 1776, 13 colonies located on the eastern coast of North America declared independence and fought a revolution against the British. In 1783 the colonists won the revolution and gained their independence. After the revolution, the United States bought a large section of country from Napoleon of France. This purchase doubled the size of the United States. Napoleon needed money for his European wars. If he hadn't needed that money, the United States might have stayed a small country. Texas and most of what is now the southwestern part of the United States belonged to Mexico. The people of Texas fought a revolution against Mexico. They became independent and joined the United States. Later, the United States and Mexico went to war. If Mexico had defeated the United States, in that war, California and New Mexico would have been part of Mexico today. The British and the Americans both claimed the northwestern part of the country. They settled their differences with a compromise. South of the 49th parallel was the United States. North of the 49th parallel was Canada which was controlled by England. In 1861 one-half of the United States did go to war with the other half. This was the Civil War. President Lincoln wanted to free slaves. He was supported by the North but opposed by the South. The South wanted to separate from the rest of the country and become independent. After 4 years of war, the South was defeated. Following the Civil War, the United States bought Alaska from Russia. At that time many people didn't think Alaska was important, but today it is the largest state in the country and a very important one too.
現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)你回答下面三個(gè)問(wèn)題. 你回答之后, 老師會(huì)念出正確答案給你聽, 讓你作個(gè)比較, 看你答對(duì)了沒(méi)有.
第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是:
M: How did the United States become a country?
F: Colonists defeated the British in a revolution.
第二個(gè)問(wèn)題是:
M: Which countries have sold land to the U.S.?
F: France and Russia have sold land to the U.S.
第三個(gè)問(wèn)題是:
M: What was the outcome of the U.S.-Mexican War?
F: Mexico was defeated. California and New Mexico became part of the U.S.
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