分裂結構長難句分類解析

分裂結構長難句分類解析

1. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________________

【參考譯文】 　盡管警示通常是正確的和必要的（例如藥品副作用的危險性警示），并且許多警示亦是按照州或聯邦的法律制定的，然而一旦顧客受傷，這些警示實際上能否讓生產銷售商免責卻并不明確。

【結構分析】 　While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —( the dangers of drug interactions, for example )—and many are required by state or federal regulations ,//it isn't clear (that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured) .此句中，第一段是while（盡管）引導的讓步狀語從句，此從句是一個由and連接的兩個分句組成的并列句，被雙破折號中間的舉例插入語隔開，這是本句的學習重點；第二段是句子的主干，即it isn't clear that...才是主句，此部分中，it是形式主語，真正的主語是that引導的名詞從句（即主語從句）；此主語從句中，主語是they，謂語是protect，賓語是the manufacturers and sellers, from liability是賓語補足語，最后畫線成分是if引導的條件狀語從句，修飾此從句的謂語動詞protect，表示其發(fā)生的條件。

【詞匯精記】 　warning 警示，警告；appropriate 適當的；drug 藥物；interaction 相互作用；state 州；federal 聯邦的；regulation 法律，法規(guī)；protect sb. from sth. 保護某人免受；manufacture 生產廠家；seller 銷售商；liability 責任；customer 顧客；injure 傷害。

2. Granted, a snobbery of camping itself, based upon equipment and techniques, already exists; but it is of a kind that, if he meets it, he can readily understand and deal with.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　誠然，基于裝備和技術的不同，野營的勢利行為業(yè)已存在；但它卻是一種一旦遇到，野營者即能理解并從容應對的行為。

【結構分析】 　Granted, a snobbery (of camping itself), ( based upon equipment and techniques ), already exists;//but it is of a kind (that, if he meets it, he can readily understand and deal with).此句的整體結構是Granted...but.... “誠然……但是……”；在第一段中，主語是a snobbery, of camping itself是其后置定語，謂語動詞是already exists，雙逗號中間的based upon...是過去分詞短語作非限制性定語，相當于非限制性定語從句which is based upon...的省略，對前面的主語snobbery進行補充說明，重點注意主語a snobbery和謂語already exists的分裂；第二段中，主語是it，謂語是系動詞is，表語是介詞短語of a kind，后面括號中是that引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞kind；此定語從句是一個復合句，if he meets it是條件狀語從句，表示后面主干內容he can readily understand and deal with發(fā)生的條件，if從句前后各有一逗號，使得此定語從句的結構很清晰，讓讀者一目了然。

【詞匯精記】 　granted 誠然；snobbery 勢利行為；camping 野營，露營；be based upon 建立在……的基礎上；equipment 裝備；technique 技術；deal with 應付，處理。

3. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.

【翻譯演練】 　______________________________

【參考譯文】 　一切的目的就是試圖向困惑并且通常愚昧的人們解釋清楚，對于宇宙和生命的起源進化而言是不存在兩種等效的科學理論的。

【結構分析】 　The goal (of all) will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories (for the origin and evolution of universe and life).此句的主干是：The goal...will be to try to explain sth. to sb. ，因為此句中的賓語sth.較長，被改寫為：The goal...will be to try to explain to sb. sth. ,重點關注動詞explain和賓語sth.的分裂；具體而言，The goal是主語，of all是其后置定語，謂語動詞是will be，不定式短語to try to...是表語，that引導名詞從句作explain的賓語（即賓語從句）；畫線黑體部分to a...citizenry是范圍狀語，它分隔開了動詞explain和賓語that從句；句末括號中是介詞for短語作前面名詞theories的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　goal 目標，目的；confused 迷惑不解的；unenlightened 愚昧的，無知的；citizenry 公民；equally 等同地，一樣地；valid 有效的；origin 起源，出處；evolution 進化；universe 宇宙。

4. I am sure that, without modern weapons, I would make a very poor show of disputing the ownership of a cave with a bear, and in this I do not think that I stand alone.

【翻譯演練】 　______________________________________

【參考譯文】 　我確信，在與一頭熊爭奪一個山洞的所有權時，如果沒有現代武器，我將會洋相盡出；而在這一方面，我相信，并非我一人如此。

【結構分析】 　I am sure that, without modern weapons , I would make a very poor show (of disputing the ownership of a cave with a bear),//and in this I do not think that I stand alone.此句的整體結構是由and連接兩個分句組成的一個并列句；第一段中，主語是I，謂語是系動詞am，表語是sure，后面是that引導的名詞從句，作be sure的賓語（即賓語從句）；在that賓語從句中，畫線黑體部分是介詞短語作that從句中的條件狀語，因置于that從句首部，分隔了連詞that和從句的主干，故前后用逗號隔開，以讓讀者一目了然；賓語從句主干中，主語是I，謂語是would make，賓語是a very poor show，緊隨其后括號中的介詞of短語是后置定語，修飾前面的show；第二段中，主語是I，謂語是do not think，賓語是that引導的名詞從句（即賓語從句），in this則是范圍狀語，修飾謂語動詞think，表示其發(fā)生的范圍。

【詞匯精記】 　be sure that... 確信；weapon 武器；make a very poor show of 在……方面表現拙劣；dispute (vi.) 爭論，(vt.) 爭奪；ownership 所有權；stand alone 孑身一人。

5. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________________

【參考譯文】 　每一天都是節(jié)假日，而當通常的節(jié)假日來臨時，他們卻抱怨這些節(jié)假日打斷了他們埋頭從事的職業(yè)。

【結構分析】 　Each day is a holiday,//and ordinary holidays, ( when they come ), are grudged as enforced interruptions (in an absorbing vocation).此句的整體結構是and連接兩個分句組成的一個并列句；第一段是簡單的主系表結構；第二段中，主語是ordinary holidays，謂語是are grudged，后面畫線的介詞短語as...則是方式狀語，修飾謂語動詞，表示其發(fā)生的方式；雙逗號中間的括號黑體部分是狀語從句，它分隔了主語holidays和謂語are grudged的主謂關系，是此句的關注重點；句末括號中的介詞in短語是后置定語，修飾前面的interruptions。

【詞匯精記】 　grudge 抱怨，怨恨；enforce 強迫，強行實施；interruption (in) 打斷；absorbing 吸引人的，引人入勝的；vocation 職業(yè)。

6. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　在辦公室或工廠里長時間工作的回報不僅僅是帶來了謀生手段，而且還帶來了尋找樂趣的強烈渴望，哪怕是最簡單最原始的樂趣。

【結構分析】 　The long hours (in the office or the factory) bring with them as their reward , not only the means (of sustenance), but a keen appetite (for pleasure) (even in its simplest and most modest forms).此句的正常語序是：The long hours...bring (not only the means..., but a keen appetite...) with them as their reward，即主語是The long hours，謂語是bring，賓語是(not only the means..., but a keen appetite...)，介詞短語with them和as their reward分別作伴隨和方式狀語；但因賓語太長，故被后置，將伴隨狀語with them和方式狀語as their reward提前，所以此句關注的重點是動詞bring和賓語the means, appetite的分隔；本句括號中的部分皆是前面相關名詞的后置定語：in the office or the factory是主語hours的后置定語，介詞短語of sustenance則是賓語means的后置定語，for pleasure是賓語appetite的后置定語，even in its...則是pleasure的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　reward 回報；means 方式，手段；sustenance 支撐力，營養(yǎng)品，此處引申為“生計”；keen 強烈的；appetite (for) 胃口，渴望；in a...form 以……方式；modest 謙虛的，質樸的，適中的。

7. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon.

【翻譯演練】 　______________________________

【參考譯文】 　對于流汗出力辛勞了一周的體力勞動者而言，讓他們在周末的下午再踢場足球或打棒球是不合適的。

【結構分析】 　It is no use//offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort , the chance (of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon).此句的it是形式主語，真正的主語是后面的動名詞短語offering...（也可理解為It is no use doing句型）；畫線黑體部分是非限制性定語，相當于非限制性定語從句who is tired out...的省略，它分隔了固定搭配offering sb...sth.，即分隔了雙賓語manual laborer和the chance；句末括號中的of短語是前面the chance的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　It is no use doing 做某事是沒用的；manual 手工的，體力的；laborer 勞動者（尤指體力勞動者）；tired out 筋疲力盡的；hard 辛苦的，艱辛的；sweat 汗水；effort 努力；baseball 棒球。

8. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________________

【參考譯文】 　強調搜集第一手資料，加上在分析過去和現在的文化形態(tài)時采用的跨文化視角，使這一研究成為一門獨特并且非常重要的社會科學。

【結構分析】 　The emphasis (on data) (gathered first-hand), ( combined with a cross cultural perspective ) (brought to the analysis of cultures past and present ), makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.本句是一個簡單句，主干是The emphasis...(combined with...) makes this study a...social science；即主語是The emphasis，謂語是makes，賓語是this study, a...social science則是名詞短語作賓語補足語（make sb. sth.）；括號中的成分皆是前面相關名詞的后置定語：介詞短語on data是主語emphasis的后置定語，過去分詞短語gathered first-hand是前面data的后置定語，黑體combined with...可以理解為非限制性定語，即非限制性定語從句which is combined...的省略；緊隨其后的過去分詞短語brought to...則是前面perspective的后置定語，其中的斜體表達past and present是前面cultures的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　emphasis on 對……的強調；data 數據；gather 搜集，聚集；first-hand 第一手的（地）；combined with（相當于together with或along with）加上，以及，和；cross-cultural 跨文化的；perspective 視角；analysis 分析；unique 唯一的，獨一無二的；distinctly 顯著地，不同地。

9. Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________________

【參考譯文】 　因此，人類學中“文化”的概念就像數學中“集”的概念一樣，是一個抽象概念，它使大量的具體研究和認識成為可能。

【結構分析】 　Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics , is an abstract concept (which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding).句子主干結構是：主語＋插入結構＋系表結構＋which引導的定語從句。具體而言，主語是the anthropological concept of "culture"，謂語是系動詞is，表語是名詞短語an abstract concept，雙逗號中間的成分是介詞短語like...作比較狀語（插入句中，分隔了主語和謂語之間的關系），句末括號中的成分是關系代詞which引導的定語從句；此處的which定語從句是關注的另一重點：從句主語是關系代詞which，謂語是makes，賓語是immense amounts of concrete research and understanding，形容詞possible是賓補（make sth adj.）；但此賓語補足語被前置到了賓語前面，分隔了從句謂語動詞makes和其賓語的關系（因賓語太長之故）；故本句的重點有兩個：like短語導致的分隔和形容詞possible導致的分隔。

【詞匯精記】 　anthropological 人類學的；anthropology 人類學；concept 概念；set（一）系列，套，集（數學概念）；mathematics 數學；abstract 抽象的；immense 巨大的；immense amounts of 大量的；concrete 具體的。

10. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________________

【參考譯文】 　周末讓為正經事操勞了六天的政界人物、專業(yè)人員和商務人士再去為瑣事而操勞是無益的。

【結構分析】 　It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, ( who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days ), to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.此句的it是形式主語，真正的主語是inviting...（也可理解為It is no use doing句型）；黑體部分是非限制性定語從句，它分隔了inviting sb....to do sth.即分隔了賓語the politician or the professional or business man（相當于sb.）和賓語補足語to work or worry...（相當于to do sth.）。

【詞匯精記】 　politician 政治人物；professional (adj.) 專業(yè)的，(n.) 專業(yè)人員；business man 商界人士；serious things 正經事；trifling things 瑣事。

11. We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start.

【翻譯演練】 　______________________________

【參考譯文】 　根據那些一直從事生命起源研究的人所做的工作我們一定可得出結論：倘若有一個和我們地球相似的星球，幾乎可以肯定生命會出現。

【結構分析】 　We must conclude from the work (of those) (who have studied the origin of life), that given a planet (only approximately like our own ), life is almost certain to start .此句的主語是We，謂語是must conclude，賓語是句末的斜體表達（that引導的名詞從句作謂語動詞的賓語，即賓語從句），中間畫線的黑體表達是介詞短語from...作狀語，它在形式上分隔了謂語動詞conclude和賓語從句的關系；括號中的of those是介詞短語作前面the work的后置定語，緊隨其后的是who引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞those；在that引導的賓語從句中，逗號后面的life is...是主干，畫線部位given a planet是條件狀語，表示主干內容發(fā)生的條件，其后面括號中的表達是介詞短語like...作后置定語，修飾前面的a planet（其中的only approximately修飾like，表示程度）。

【詞匯精記】 　conclude that...from... 從……得出結論；origin 起源，出處；the origin of life 生命的起源；given 倘若有；planet 行星；approximately 大約；be certain to do 肯定，注定。

12. I do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world that would utterly destroy us.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　向現代世界灌輸一種完全可以摧毀人類的思想是可能的事，對此我并不懷疑。

【結構分析】 　I do not doubt//that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world (that would utterly destroy us).句子主干是第一段：主語是I，謂語是do not doubt，緊隨其后的是that引導的名詞從句，作謂語動詞doubt的賓語（即賓語從句）；在第二段that引導的賓語從句中，it是形式主語，不定式to inject ideas...是真正的主語，would be是謂語，possible是表語；但值得關注的是黑體畫線部分，它是介詞短語into...作地點狀語，它分隔了名詞ideas和其定語從句（句末括號成分that...）之間的關系，因為按正常語序ideas＋that...太長，結構會出現頭重腳輕，故將定語從句后置。

【詞匯精記】 　inject 注射；utterly 完全地，徹底地；destroy 摧毀，毀滅。

13. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for the law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　同時，由權威的法官、律師和學者們組成的美國法律協會頒布了新的法律指導方針，它聲明對于顯而易見的危險，公司不必警示顧客或用一長串可能發(fā)生的危險來恐嚇他們。

【結構分析】 　At the same time, the American Law Institute— a group of judges, lawyers, and academics (whose recommendations carry substantial weight)—issued new guidelines (for the law) (stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones).句子的主干是the American Law Institute...issued new guidelines...；雙破折號中間的黑體部分是前面主語institute的同位語，其后面括號中的表達是whose引導的定語從句，它們一起分隔了主語Institute和謂語issued之間的關系；for the law和stating that...共同作前面賓語guidelines的后置定語； 在（stating that...）中，that引導名詞從句作stating的賓語（即賓語從句）；此賓語從句的主語是companies，謂語是need not warn...or bombard（即or連接的并列謂語）。

【詞匯精記】 　institute 協會，機構；academic 專業(yè)人士；recommendation 建議，推薦；carry weight 有分量；substantial 大的，相當可觀的；issue 頒布，發(fā)行；guideline 指導方針；state 闡述；warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事；bombard 炮轟，困擾；lengthy 長的；a lengthy list of 長長的一系列。

14. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　他宣布反對使用這種非同尋常的畜牧業(yè)技術克隆人類，并明令禁止使用聯邦基金進行這類研究（盡管無人提議這樣做），此外，他還要求成立一個由普林斯頓大學校長Harold Shapiro領導的專家小組，在90天內呈交一份關于克隆人國策建議的報告。

【結構分析】 　 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans,//he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment— although no one had proposed to do so //—and asked an independent panel of experts (chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro) report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.此句的主干結構為：Declaring..., he ordered that...and asked (that)...“他宣布……，還命令……，此外還要求……”；即主語是he，謂語是and連接的并列動詞ordered和asked，句首是現在分詞短語作伴隨狀語，亦屬于主語he發(fā)出的動作行為；第一段中，declaring后面是that引導的名詞從句，作declaring的賓語（即賓語從句）；第二段中，主語是he，謂語是ordered，賓語是that引導的名詞從句（即賓語從句）； 此從句因為是ordered（表示“命令”、“建議”）的賓語，必須用虛擬語氣(should) do的形式，所以此從句中：主語是federal funds，謂語是(should) not be used；此段后面雙破折號中間的黑體表達是讓步狀語從句插入，屬典型的插入語；第三段是并列謂語動詞asked＋that從句，連接詞that出于避免重復的目的（前面有ordered that）被省略掉；此從句因為是asked的賓語，故也應該用虛擬語氣(should) do的形式，所以在此從句中：主語是an...experts，謂語是(should) report back to...，后面的介詞短語to..., in...和with...分別作地點、時間和伴隨狀語，修飾此段的謂語動詞report。

【詞匯精記】 　be opposed to 反對；unusual 非同尋常的；husbandry 耕作，飼養(yǎng)；animal husbandry 畜牧；clone 克??；federal 聯邦的；panel 小組；chair(vt.) 主持；Princeton 普林斯頓（大學校名）；president （大學）校長，總裁，主席，總統；the White House 白宮；recommendation 建議，推薦；policy 政策；a national policy on 一項有關……的國策；cloning 克??；human cloning 克隆人。

15. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　七個工業(yè)大國經濟的平均通脹率去年降到了2.3％，接近30年來的最低水平，直到今年七月才微增至2.5％。

【結構分析】 　Average inflation (in the big seven industrial economies) fell to a mere 2.3% last year , (close to its lowest level in 30 years), before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.此句的主語是Average inflation，其后的in...短語是其后置定語，謂語動詞是fell, to a mere 2.3%是fell的程度狀語，last year是fell的時間狀語，最后面的before...短語也是時間狀語； 括號中的形容詞短語close to...作非限制性定語，相當于which was close to...的省略，修飾2.3％，因其太長，出于句子結構平衡的考慮，被后置，也就出現了分隔的情形。

【詞匯精記】 　average 平均的；inflation 通貨膨脹；the big seven industrial economies 七個工業(yè)大國；fall to 下降到；a mere 僅僅；close to 接近；slightly 輕微的；rise slightly to 微增到。

16. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC—including ordinary listeners and viewers—to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　這場討論由政府發(fā)起，它邀請每個對BBC持有看法的人，包括普通聽眾和觀眾，來評價該公司的優(yōu)缺點，甚至于他們認為它是否值得辦下去。

【結構分析】 　The debate was launched by the Government,//which invited anyone (with an opinion of the BBC)—( including ordinary listeners and viewers )—to say what was good or bad about the Corporation , and even whether they thought it was worth keeping .此句的主干結構是第一段，第二段是which引導的非限制性定語從句；在從句中，關系代詞which作主語，invited作謂語，anyone作賓語，不定式to say...作賓補，其后的畫線成分（what...and whether...）是say的并列賓語從句；此外，anyone后面的with短語是anyone的后置定語； 雙破折號中間的including短語是非限制性定語作插入語，修飾anyone，對其進行補充說明，在形式上分隔了賓語anyone和賓補to say這一復合賓語的搭配關系（invite sb. to do sth.）。

【詞匯精記】 　debate 討論；launch 發(fā)起，發(fā)射；invite sb. to do sth. 邀請某人做某事；with an opinion of 對……有見解（看法）；listeners and viewers 聽眾和觀眾；be worth doing 值得做某事。

17. When all these shaping forces—schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking—interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________________

【參考譯文】 　當所有這些塑造力——包括學校、開放的態(tài)度、獎勵機制和空間思維能力——在富饒的美國大陸上相互交匯的時候，就形成了美國的個性，即競爭。

【結構分析】 　When all these shaping forces— schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking —interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland,//they produced that American characteristic, emulation .此句的主干結構是：when...forces interacted with one another..., they produced...，即時間狀語從句＋主句；在第一段when引導的時間狀語從句中，雙破折號中間的黑體表達是典型的舉例插入語，它分隔了從句主語forces和從句謂語動詞interacted之間的關系；第二段是主句，句末的畫線部分emulation是前面名詞characteristic的同位語，對其進行內容解釋。

【詞匯精記】 　shaping force 塑造力；open attitude 開放的態(tài)度；premium 保險費，獎金；the premium system 獎勵機制；a genius for （某）方面的天才；spatial 空間的（space）；spatial thinking 空間思維；interact with 相互作用；mainland 大陸；characteristic 特征；emulation 競爭。

18. A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　年輕人看到日落的時候，因為不能理解，也不能表達出它在內心所激發(fā)出的情感，所以得出結論認為它一定是通往天外世界的大門。

【結構分析】 　A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion (it rouses in him), concludes that it must be the gateway (to a world) (that lies beyond).此句的主干結構是：A young man sees a sunset and,...concludes that...，即主語是A young man，謂語是并列連詞and連接的兩個并列動詞sees和concludes，后者后面又跟了that引導的賓語從句（畫線成分），其中的括號部分作后置定語成分，分別修飾其前面的相應名詞； 黑體unable...是形容詞短語作原因狀語修飾concludes，緊隨其后的括號it rouses in him是emotion的定語從句，省略了關系代詞that，故從形式上看，這一黑體部分＋定語從句分隔了兩個并列謂語的關系。

【詞匯精記】 　sunset 落日；emotion 情感；rouse 引起，激起；conclude that... 得出結論認為；the gateway to 通向……的大門；lie 位于，躺；beyond (adv . & prep .) 在……的那一邊（更遠處）。

19. Make sure you include in the examination paper whatever questions they didn't know the answers to last time.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　務必確保上次他們不知答案的所有問題出現在此次試卷上。

【結構分析】 　Make sure you include ( in the examination paper ) whatever questions they didn't know the answers to last time .此句是祈使句（動詞開頭），make sure后面省略了賓語從句的連接詞that；在賓語從句中you是主語，include是謂語，畫線的whatever...部分是whatever引導的名詞從句，作前面動詞include的賓語（即賓語從句），因為太長，故被后置，使得in the examination paper這一地點狀語在形式上分隔了謂語include和賓語whatever。

【詞匯精記】 　make sure that... 確保；the examination paper 試卷；whatever questions 相當于 any questions that...; the answer to （……的）答案。

20. The sense is growing that the Americans need to turn things round fast, militarily and politically, if they are to ensure that events do not spin out control.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　人們越來越強烈地感受到，如果美國人想確保形勢不失控，就要從軍事和政治上盡快扭轉形勢。

【結構分析】 　The sense is growing// that the Americans need to turn things round fast, militarily and politically , if they are to ensure that events do not spin out control .第一段是句子的主干，第二段是that引導的同位語從句，解釋說明主語The sense的內容；正常的主干結構是The sense (that...) is growing，但因這樣的語序頭重腳輕，故被改寫為The sense is growing that...；在that引導的同位語從句中，畫線的表達分別是范圍狀語（修飾turn）和條件狀語（修飾need）。

【詞匯精記】 　sense 感覺，意識；turn things round 扭轉形勢；militarily and politically 軍事和政治兩方面；events 情況（pl.）；spin out 消磨（時間），拖延。

21. The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________________

【參考譯文】 　當前的問題是，許多人把如果付出努力完全有可能做到的事情，視作是不可能的。

【結構分析】 　The present question is that many people consider ( impossible ) what is really possible if effort is made .句子主語是The present question，謂語是系動詞is，that從句是表語從句； 在that從句中，many people是主語，consider是謂語，畫線部分是動詞的賓語從句，impossible是賓語補足語，但因賓語太長之故，賓語被放置到補足語之后，造成了形式上動詞consider和其賓語what從句的分隔；此外，what is really possible if effort is made相當于all (that is possible if effort is made)。

【詞匯精記】 　make effort to do 努力做某事；consider sth.＋adj. 認為某物……。

22. The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness accorded to man is that provided by a happy marriage, endeavored to pretend that all their marriages were happy.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　維多利亞時期的人們由于意識到，給予人類最大的幸福是幸?；橐鏊o予的幸福，所以他們總是試圖假裝他們的婚姻都是幸福的。

【結構分析】 　The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness (accorded to man) is that (provided by a happy marriage), endeavored to pretend that all their marriages were happy .此句的主干是The Victorians...endeavored to pretend that...，即主語是The Victorians，謂語是endeavored to pretend，賓語是that引導的名詞從句（即賓語從句）；雙逗號中間的表達realizing that...是現在分詞短語作原因狀語，修飾謂語動詞endeavored，表示其原因；因狀語的位置相對較靈活，此處被置于句中，在形式上分隔了主語The Victorians和謂語動詞endeavored；雙逗號中間的括號部分是各自前面名詞的后置定語：accorded to man是過去分詞短語作定語修飾happiness, provided by a happy marriage則是過去分詞短語作定語修飾前面的that（that指代happiness）。

【詞匯精記】 　the Victorians 維多利亞時期的人們；accord 授予，給予（accord sb. sth. 給予某人某物）；endeavor 試圖；pretend 假裝。

23. We, for our part, admitting the fact that no feat of intelligence and character is so exacting as that required of two people who desire to live permanently together on a basis of amity, are obsessed by the problem of how to render the basic facts of cohabitation simpler and more reasonable, in order that unhappy marriages may less frequently result.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________

【參考譯文】 　對我們來講，我們承認，夫妻欲相敬如賓、白首偕老，必須要在智慧和性格方面下工夫，其程度沒有任何技藝可與之相提并論，所以，困擾我們的問題是，怎樣才能使兩性同居的基本事實，變得更簡單更合理，以期不幸的婚姻較少發(fā)生。

【結構分析】 　We, for our part, admitting the fact (that no feat of intelligence and character is so exacting as that) (required of two people) (who desire to live permanently together on a basis of amity), are obsessed by the problem (of how to render the basic facts of cohabitation simpler and more reasonable), in order that unhappy marriages may less frequently result .句子的主干是We...are obsessed by the problem...; for our part是插入語；admitting the fact...是現在分詞短語作原因狀語，被置于句中修飾謂語動詞are obsessed...，表示其發(fā)生的原因；畫線的in order that...是目的狀語，也修飾謂語動詞are obsessed...，表示其目的；具體而言，第一個括號中的that從句是the fact的同位語從句，解釋fact的內容，里面用到了so...as比較結構，as后的that是代詞，指代前面的比較對象feat；第二個括號是過去分詞短語required...作后置定語修飾that；第三個括號中的who引導定語從句，修飾先行詞people；第四個括號中的of＋how to...是介詞短語作定語，修飾前面的problem，此處的how to...是特殊疑問詞how＋to構成的復合不定式，相當于名詞，作前面介詞of的賓語。

【詞匯精記】 　for our part 對我們來講（習語）；admit 承認；feat 技藝，絕技；character 性格；exacting 要求苛刻的；require sth. of sb. 要求從某人處得到某物；desire to do 渴望做；permanent 永久的；on a basis of 在……的基礎上；amity 友善；be obsessed by 被……所困擾；render （相當于make）使得（常接復合賓語）；cohabitation 同居；reasonable 合理的；result (vi.) 成為結果。

24. And we are so accustomed to reading almost every week newspaper reports about new discoveries being made by man that we tend to take the progress and benefit of scientific research for granted.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________________

【參考譯文】 　我們幾乎每周在報紙上都可以讀到有關人類所作的新發(fā)現的報道，對此我們已經習以為常，因此我們往往把科學研究的進步和好處視作理所當然。

【結構分析】 　And we are so accustomed to reading almost every week newspaper reports (about new discoveries) (being made by man)// that we tend to take the progress and benefit (of scientific research) for granted.此句話的主干結構是：we are so accustomed to reading... that ...；第一段是主干，第二段是that引導的結果狀語從句，和前面的so形成搭配，表示其帶來的結果；第一段中黑體表達almost every week是時間狀語，修飾前面的reading，表示其發(fā)生時間，它在形式上分隔了reading和其賓語newspaper reports（因賓語較長，被后置）；reports后面的about短語是介詞短語作其后置定語，現在分詞短語being...則是前面discoveries的后置定語；在第二段結果狀語從句中，主語是we，謂語是tend to take，賓語是the progress and benefit，緊隨其后的of scientific research則是賓語的后置定語，句末表達for granted和前面的take形成搭配，作賓語補足語。

【詞匯精記】 　be accustomed to doing 習慣于；tend to do 往往會；take...for granted 把……視作理所應當；benefit 利益，好處。

25. In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　在先期實現工業(yè)化的歐洲國家里，其工業(yè)化進程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結構變革持續(xù)了大約一個世紀，而如今一個發(fā)展中國家在10年左右的時間內就可以完成同樣的過程。

【結構分析】 　In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—( with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed )—was spread over nearly a century , //whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.句子主干結構是whereas（“而”，表示對比）連接兩個分句組成的并列句；第一段中，主語是the process of industrialization，謂語是was spread，句首的斜體表達是介詞短語in...作地點狀語，此段末部的斜體表達是介詞短語over...作時間狀語，雙破折號中間的黑體表達則是介詞短語with...作非限制性定語，修飾前面的主語中心詞process，對其進行補充說明，此部分后面畫線的表達that followed是定語從句，修飾先行詞social patterns；第二段中，主語是a developing nation，謂語是may undergo，賓語是the same process, in a decade or so作時間狀語。

【詞匯精記】 　industrialized countries 工業(yè)化國家；the process of industrialization 工業(yè)化進程；far-reaching 深遠的；social pattern 社會結構；be spread over （被）遍及；undergo 經歷；decade 十年；in a decade or so 在10年左右的時間里。

26. In short, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________

【參考譯文】 　簡而言之，我們所謂的科學革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進、發(fā)明和使用，而這些改進、發(fā)明和使用使科學發(fā)展無所不及。

【結構分析】 　In short, the scientific revolution, as we call it , was largely the improvement and invention and use (of a series of instruments) (that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions).句子主干結構是the scientific revolution...was largely...; as we call it 是典型的插入語，of a series of instruments是其前面三個并列名詞的后置定語，句末括號中是that引導定語從句，也修飾相同的對象。

【詞匯精記】 　In short 簡而言之；improvement 改進；invention 發(fā)明；a series of 一系列；instrument （科學）儀器，器具，樂器；expand 膨脹，普及，擴張；reach (n.) 范圍；the reach of science 科學的范圍；innumerable 無數的；in innumerable directions 在難以計數的方向。

27. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________________

【參考譯文】 　宇宙膨脹說雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理學中一些公認的理論在科學上看來可信的推論。許多天體物理學家七八年來一直認為這一論說是正確的。

【結構分析】 　Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence (of some respected ideas) (in elementary-particle physics),//and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true .此句是由and連接兩個分句組成的并列句；第一段的主干結構是：讓步狀語從句＋主句；其中，讓步狀語從句Odd though it sounds是成分前置，正常語序是though it sounds odd，主句的主語是cosmic inflation，謂語是系動詞is，表語是名詞短語a...consequence；consequence后面的of some respected ideas是其后置定語，in elementary-particle physics是前面ideas的后置定語；第二段中，主語是many astrophysicists，謂語是have been convinced，賓語是句末畫線表達that it is true（和前面的have been convinced形成搭配）；黑體表達是時間狀語，它分隔了前面謂語動詞和后面賓語從句。

【詞匯精記】 　odd 古怪的；cosmic 宇宙的；inflation 膨脹，（通貨）膨脹；some respected ideas 一些公認的理論（respected“被尊敬的”，此處引申為“公認的”）；scientifically 科學上地；plausible 有道理的；elementary 基本的；particle 粒子，微粒；physics 物理學；be convinced that 被說服，相信；physicist 物理學家；astrophysicist 天體物理學家；for the better part of a decade 七八年來。

28. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　我把他定義為這樣的個體：他把用蘇格拉底的方式思考道德問題，作為自己生活的主要責任與樂趣。

【結構分析】 　I shall define him as an individual//(who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems).第一段是句子的主干，主語是I，謂語是shall define，賓語是him, as an individual是賓語補足語；第二段是關系代詞who引導的定語從句，主語是who，謂語是has elected，賓語是the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems，畫線的黑體表達as his primary duty and pleasure in life是賓語補足語，和前面的elect形成搭配，但此處的賓語表達顯然過長，出于句式結構平衡的考慮，賓語被后置到句末，使得此句的黑體表達（賓補）在形式上分隔了動詞和其賓語；此外，在較長的賓語表達中，in Socratic way是thinking的狀語，亦分隔了thinking和about moral problems。

【詞匯精記】 　define...as 把……定義為；elect 選舉，推選，引申為“選擇”；individual 個體；primary 首要的；moral 道德的；Socratic 蘇格拉底（古希臘偉大的哲學家）；activity 行為；duty 責任；pleasure 樂趣。

29. His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　知識分子的作用類似于法官，后者必須承擔起這樣的責任：用盡可能明顯的方式來揭示讓他做出決定的推理過程。

【結構分析】 　His function is analogous to that//(of a judge), (who must accept the obligation) (of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning) (which led him to his decision).第一段是句子的主干，that指代前面的function；of a judge是介詞短語修飾限定that，who則引導非限制性定語從句修飾judge，of revealing...是介詞短語作后置定語修飾obligation；其中，in as obvious a manner as possible是方式狀語（本質是in a...manner），用來說明revealing的方式，它分隔了revealing和其賓語the course of reasoning...（賓語太長，被后置）；此外，句末的which定語從句修飾限定先行詞the course of reasoning。

【詞匯精記】 　function 作用；be analogous to 和……相似的；in a...manner 通過……的方式；in as obvious a manner as possible (in an obvious manner＋as obvious as possible) 以盡可能明顯的方式；obligation 義務，責任；course 過程，課程，航向，（一道）菜；reasoning 推理（此處-ing，故為動詞）；the course of reasoning 推理過程；lead sb. to a decision 使某人得出結論。

30. I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　我之所以把他排除在外，是因為雖然他的成就有助于解決道德問題，但是他只是觸及了這些問題的事實方面。

【結構分析】 　I have excluded him//because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems , he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.第一段是句子的主干，第二段是because引導的原因狀語從句；此原因狀語從句是一個主從復合句，雙逗號之間是while引導的讓步狀語從句，從句后面才是主干成分，其中not...any but...是一個雙否結構，可理解為only之意； but可作為否定詞理解，any是加強否定語氣的表達。

【詞匯精記】 　exclude 排除；accomplishment 成就；contribute to sth. 促進，為……作貢獻；be charged with 被指控……，承擔；solution 解決；approach 接近；factual (adj.) 事實的；aspect 方面；the factual aspect 事實方面。