1.Somestudents prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their grades determined by only afew large ones. Which do you prefer and why?
2.An effective leader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.
3.If a city has an amount of money, which option listed in the following do you prefer?
Build a public garden to provide quiet environment to benefit all
Build a sports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.
4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle and healthy eating.
5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they are today.
6.In the past,young people depended on their parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to make decisions on their own.
7.It is better to relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.
8.We should state our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.
9.In order to succeed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment ismore important than excellent knowledge.
10.People spend too much time communication through social media and text messages.
11.There is noreason to be rude to another person.
12.Technology designed to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life morecomplicated.
13.Movies andTV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to moviesand programs made in other countries.
14.It is as important for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.
15.To remain happy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achieve success.
16.It is important to know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect your personal life.
實(shí)用方法介紹
丨1.常用論點(diǎn)/理由
針對(duì)獨(dú)立寫作的常見話題,大致可歸成三類:個(gè)人類(關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)、工作、休閑、做人的選擇);古今類(題目中有明顯的now… past … 讓考生判斷現(xiàn)在和過去在某一方面的比較);決策類(題目中通常有g(shù)overnment這個(gè)詞出現(xiàn),討論政府的投資或者政策,有些題目雖然沒有g(shù)overnment這個(gè)詞出現(xiàn),但如果涉及的是有社會(huì)影響力的話題,也可以劃為政府類,比如 A/D Professional athletes such as the football playerand basketball player deserve high salaries that they are paid.)
1)個(gè)人類常用理由
學(xué)知識(shí)、練技能、拓展視野……..
工作機(jī)會(huì)、賺錢…….
交朋友、陪伴家人……. (合作、溝通) …….
品質(zhì)(自信,獨(dú)立,堅(jiān)持,樂觀 ) / 興趣愛好
身體健康、放松心情…….
省時(shí)間、省錢、省精力………..
2)古今類常用理由
現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的優(yōu)點(diǎn):
教育: 先進(jìn)全面鼓勵(lì)個(gè)性
工作:種類豐富機(jī)會(huì)多
醫(yī)療:治愈緩解更多疾病
技術(shù):網(wǎng)絡(luò)電子產(chǎn)品汽車
公共設(shè)施:便利的交通娛樂購(gòu)物餐飲
法律制度:保障個(gè)人權(quán)利
媒體:揭露真相傳播信息
人與人:互動(dòng)頻繁、方便
經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步:更充裕的錢和無助
世界和平:更少的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)傷亡
現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的缺點(diǎn):
環(huán)境問題(污染,能源消耗)
生活壓力(學(xué)習(xí),工作)
欺騙敲詐
3)決策類常用思路
注:除了使用個(gè)人類常用理由,針對(duì)決策類這種和政府相關(guān)有社會(huì)影響力的題目,建議多角度討論,一下是常見的討論角度:
1.大眾 individuals
對(duì)我們有什么用?(放松健康省錢知識(shí)關(guān)系等等)
是不是我們每個(gè)人都需要的?(大多數(shù)/ 小眾)
2. 相關(guān)群體relativegroups
題目中談?wù)摰降谋热鏰rtists,scientists, athletes 等等
3. 企業(yè)companies
企業(yè)有錢,可以代替政府去投資有利可圖的領(lǐng)域
4. 社會(huì) Society
Economy(tourism), culture, safety, improvement …
丨2.對(duì)比段
通常來說,托福獨(dú)立寫作的論證寫3段,上文介紹了最基本的常用理由,但有時(shí)候,因?yàn)楦鞣N原因只想出2個(gè)理由的時(shí)候,可以寫一段對(duì)比段,即把對(duì)比論證寫一段。
具體案例參考第三部分的機(jī)經(jīng)詳解
丨3.讓步段
除了對(duì)比段之外,讓步段也可以解決只有2個(gè)理由缺少第三個(gè)段落的問題。
具體案例參考第三部分的機(jī)經(jīng)詳解
丨4.拆分法/分情況討論
針對(duì)一些比較抽象的獨(dú)立寫作話題,我們可以分情況討論,或者對(duì)于關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行定義和拆分,在更加具體的情況下方便論證。
具體案例參考第三部分的機(jī)經(jīng)詳解
丨5.檢驗(yàn)論點(diǎn)
沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案,這是獨(dú)立解題最自由的地方。但這并不意味著什么樣的理由都可以作為論點(diǎn)并且展開段落的。課堂上,一些學(xué)生可以馬上相處三個(gè)理由,但仔細(xì)探究,可能只有一個(gè)理由是可以作為論點(diǎn)的。
這里說一下三個(gè)檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1.支持觀點(diǎn) 2. 論點(diǎn)相互不重疊 3. 易于展開
丨6.靈活調(diào)整
根據(jù)ETS的出題,我們知道,題目是千變?nèi)f化的,為了幫助學(xué)生更好的應(yīng)對(duì),老師們會(huì)總結(jié)出一些實(shí)用方法,對(duì)學(xué)生來說,比死記硬別、生搬硬套更重要的是,在題目的練習(xí)中,去運(yùn)用這些方法,并且靈活的調(diào)整。
如果覺得一些常用理由不適合支持某一道題,那么就放棄這個(gè)理由;
如果只想出兩個(gè)理由,那么可以加一個(gè)讓步段或者對(duì)比段;
如果一道題直接用常用理由去支持很難,可以試著拆分法;
如果完全同意/不同意很難,可以試著兩邊倒;
如果題目中有絕對(duì)詞,可以部分同意/不同意。
... ...
實(shí)用方法在題目中的具體運(yùn)用
使用第一部分的9月機(jī)經(jīng)部分題目
1.Some students prefer to havetheir final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas othersprefer to have their grades determined by only a few large ones. Which do youprefer and why?
觀點(diǎn):small assignments
論點(diǎn)1:輕松
論點(diǎn)2:知識(shí)(學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí);老師備課)
論點(diǎn)3:對(duì)比段/讓步段
2.An effectiveleader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.
觀點(diǎn):agree
論點(diǎn)1:來自領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的尊重要員工更快樂積極
論點(diǎn)2:?jiǎn)T工的參與促進(jìn)想法的完善
論點(diǎn)3:對(duì)比段
3.If a city has an amount ofmoney, which option listed in the following do you prefer?
1)Build a publicgarden to provide quiet environment to benefit all
2)Build asports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.
版本A:
觀點(diǎn):選1)
論點(diǎn)1:relaxing
論點(diǎn)2:used byeveryone
論點(diǎn)3:讓步段(承認(rèn)2的好處指出顯著缺點(diǎn)即優(yōu)惠了一小部分人不公平)
版本B:
觀點(diǎn):選2)
論點(diǎn)1:healthy
論點(diǎn)2:mentality
論點(diǎn)3:補(bǔ)充建議(允許周末開放給市民)
4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle andhealthy eating.
觀點(diǎn):Disagree
論點(diǎn)1: knowledge 宣傳健康飲食的知識(shí)( 課程廣告 )
論點(diǎn)2: pressure 減少學(xué)習(xí)和工作壓力
論點(diǎn)3: money 建設(shè)更多更便宜的運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)所減輕人們的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)
注:這道題,用個(gè)人類的常用理由就可以解決,那么久不用多角度思考了~
5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they aretoday.
觀點(diǎn):Disagree
論點(diǎn)1:經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步大家有時(shí)間和精力改善社區(qū)
論點(diǎn)2:溝通方便更好的解決社區(qū)問題
論點(diǎn)3:普遍受過教育有能力解決問題
注:三個(gè)古今類的常用理由,現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)
6.In the past, young people depended ontheir parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to makedecisions on their own.
觀點(diǎn):Agree
論點(diǎn)1:Internet –豐富信息
論點(diǎn)2:Education – 培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立
論點(diǎn)3:對(duì)比段
7.It is betterto relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.
版本A:
觀點(diǎn):Physical exercise
論點(diǎn)1:health
論點(diǎn)2:cooperation
論點(diǎn)3:make friends
論點(diǎn)4:release pressure
論點(diǎn)5:讓步段/對(duì)比段
注:有些題目,可以相處很多個(gè)有效論點(diǎn),那就選擇自己覺得好寫的展開~
版本B:
觀點(diǎn):TV book
論點(diǎn)1:convenience;
論點(diǎn)2:knowledge and inspiration
論點(diǎn)3:讓步段/對(duì)比段
8.We should state our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.
觀點(diǎn):agree
論點(diǎn)1:家庭
論點(diǎn)2:朋友
論點(diǎn)3:學(xué)習(xí)/工作
注:用拆分法解這道題,即把說實(shí)話放在生活中的三大場(chǎng)景下,便于進(jìn)行具體論證
9.In order to succeed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment is more important than excellent knowledge.
版本A:
觀點(diǎn):Both important
論點(diǎn)1:知識(shí)– 獨(dú)立解決問題&自信
論點(diǎn)2:適應(yīng)能力–效率&輕松
注:兩邊倒的題目,兩個(gè)支持對(duì)象的各寫一段,每一段設(shè)立有1-2個(gè)小論點(diǎn),這樣不用擔(dān)心字?jǐn)?shù)~
版本B:
觀點(diǎn):Agree
論點(diǎn)1:get along with different people
論點(diǎn)2:learn new knowledge
論點(diǎn)3:adjust mentality
注:對(duì)適應(yīng)能力進(jìn)行拆分,解讀成和不同的人相處的能力、學(xué)習(xí)新知識(shí)的能力、調(diào)整心態(tài)的能力,這些都比固有的接觸知識(shí)更重要,因?yàn)?,世界一直在變啊~
10.People spend too much time communication through social media and text messages.
觀點(diǎn):Disagree
論點(diǎn)1:Relaxing
論點(diǎn)2:Improve friendship
論點(diǎn)3: Learning
11.There is no reason to be rude to another person.
版本1:Agree 常用理由 -mood - efficiency - opportunity
版本2:Agree 拆分法- 家庭禮貌- 工作禮貌 - 社交禮貌
12.Technology designed to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life more complicated.
agree
1) car –traffic jam; air pollution
2) internet – too much information to handle; false and misleading
3) digital devices – distraction (music; games; chat; online shopping)
注:把technology 拆分成三個(gè)主要方面,汽車、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、電子設(shè)備
13.Movies and TV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to movies and programs made in other countries.
觀點(diǎn):both interesting
Own country:1 共鳴理解2 喜歡的演員
Foreign country:1拓展視野2精彩的畫面
14.It is as important for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.
Agree
版本1:拆分法(對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)新知識(shí)詮釋)
1 學(xué)習(xí)健康知識(shí)
2 培養(yǎng)愛好
3 學(xué)習(xí)使用電腦上網(wǎng)
版本2:常用理由
1 mental health
2 improve convenience
3 communication with young people
15.To remain happy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achieve success.
Agree
1)mental health
2)stimulate improvement
3 )讓步段(承認(rèn)成功是可喜的但是生活的常態(tài)就是一直失敗、努力、克服苦難、獲得成功,也就是說,成功是個(gè)結(jié)果,那么占據(jù)生活主要的是那個(gè)過程,所以為了健康以及持久的成功,樂觀積極更重要)
16.It is important to know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect your personal life.
Agree
版本1:常用理由
1)relaxing
2)knowledge
3)communication
版本2:拆分法
1)medical news – health
2)political news – safety
3)economic news – money
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