邏輯是閱讀中解題關(guān)鍵

閱讀理解的最后一題常常提問(wèn)在作者對(duì)文章中某一問(wèn)題的態(tài)度(Attitude)、全文的基調(diào)(Tone)、文章的出處(Source)及對(duì)文章前后接續(xù)內(nèi)容的判斷等。

關(guān)于態(tài)度或基調(diào)(Attitude/Tone)類題的回答應(yīng)從篇章的體裁著手，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在說(shuō)明文中作者的態(tài)度是客觀的(objective)或中立的(neutral);而在議論文中，作者的觀點(diǎn)才會(huì)顯得多種多樣，常風(fēng)的選項(xiàng)有：

(1)positive(積極的)

(2)negative(消極的)

(3)neutral(中立的)

(4)approval(贊成的)

閱讀理解，從另一個(gè)角度看是讀者解讀作者邏輯思路的過(guò)程，因此有必要對(duì)常見的邏輯思路進(jìn)行總結(jié)。從閱讀理解測(cè)試類型來(lái)看，主要分為兩類：篇章理解(reading for the main idea)和細(xì)節(jié)理解(recognizing important facts or　details)，后者從歷年四級(jí)考題來(lái)看占80%左右。

一、篇章理解的邏輯思路

對(duì)于全文的理解，讀者主要用總結(jié)(sum-up)、概括(outline)、歸納(induce)、推理(deduce)等思路。在篇章理解部分，考試中常考的問(wèn)題有這些：

1.The author concludes that...

2.It may be inferred from the passage that...

3.According to the passage, what is... ?

4.What is the author’s attitude toward... ?

5.In the author’s view, ...

6.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

粗略歸類一下，有這些類型：中心思想題(1);態(tài)度題(4，5);結(jié)論題(1，2)和判斷題(6)。做這類問(wèn)題時(shí)，一般先快速閱讀全文，看其邏輯思路是總括主題，分別闡述，還是逐層遞進(jìn)，環(huán)環(huán)相扣。由于寫作思路不一而足，閱讀思路也要千變?nèi)f化，視具體的情況而定。例如：

…

Heroes are catalysts for change.　They have a vision from the mountaintop.　They have the skill and charm to move the masses.　They create new possibilities.　Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire.　Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr.,　We might still have segregated(隔離地) buses,　restaurants and parks. It may be possible for large scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities,　but the pace of change would be slow,　the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless.　(2002,12,28)

看完之后，讀者會(huì)有如下思路：英雄是變革的催化劑(總括觀點(diǎn))——有遠(yuǎn)見;能鼓動(dòng)群眾;能創(chuàng)造機(jī)遇(分述論據(jù))——沒有他們，步伐會(huì)慢，前景不定，會(huì)議會(huì)沒完沒了(反面總結(jié)，深化觀點(diǎn))。接著看試卷針對(duì)本段提出的問(wèn)題：

The author concludes that historical changes would ________.

A) be delayed without leaders with inspiring personal qualities

B) not happen without heroes making the necessary sacrifices

|C) take place if there were heroes to lead the people

D) produce leaders with attractive personalities

分析：詢問(wèn)作者觀點(diǎn)一般是在邏輯思路的最后，顯然是在后面的結(jié)論句，也就是由but連接的句子中，but后的內(nèi)容是語(yǔ)義的重心，是作者的觀點(diǎn)，這樣就排除了干擾項(xiàng)C)，而選出了正確答案A)。

二、細(xì)節(jié)理解的邏輯思路

細(xì)節(jié)理解部分主要涉及如下邏輯思維：直接推論、因果、例證、條件、轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比以及正誤判斷等。關(guān)于細(xì)節(jié)理解題，考生經(jīng)常遇到的問(wèn)題有這些：

1. By saying..., the author means that ...

2. ... because ... .

3. Why...?

4. The example of ...shows that...

5. If...

6.Although ...

關(guān)于這些問(wèn)題的解答思路可以大體分為這樣幾類：直接推論題1;因果思維題2、3;例證題5;假設(shè)題5;6則是轉(zhuǎn)折思維題?？傊?，解細(xì)節(jié)理解題的要求與篇章理解題不同，要求考生逐字逐句地認(rèn)真讀題，用心思考，從邏輯意義中理解作者的出題思路，從而得出正確答案。例如：

In recent years, Israeli consumers have grown more demanding as they’ve become wealthier and more world-wise. Foreign travel is a national passion; this summer alone, one in 10 citizens will go abroad. Exposed to higher standards of service elsewhere, Israelis are returning home expecting the same. American firms have also begun arriving in large numbers. Chains such as KFC, McDonald’s and Pizza Hut are setting a new standard of customer service, using strict employee training and constant monitoring to ensure the friendliness of frontline staff. Even the American habit of telling departing customers to“Have a nice day”has caught on. ‘Let’s be nicer’, says Itsik Cohen, director of a consulting firm. “Nothing happens without competition.”

Privatization, or the threat of it, is a motivation as well. Monopolies that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry, a marketing professor, calls “the revengeful consumer”. When the government opened up competition with Bezaq, the phone company, its international branch lost 40% of its market share,　even while offering competitive rates. Says Perry, “People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service.” The electric company, whose monopoly may be short-lived, has suddenly stopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman. Now, appointments are scheduled to the half hour. The graceless E1 A1 Airlines, which is already at auction, has retrained its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan, “you can feel the change in the air.” For the first time, praise outnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets. (CET-4, 2002, 12, 28)

請(qǐng)看所設(shè)計(jì)的題目：

1.It may be inferred from the passage that _______.

A) customer service in Israel is now improving

B) wealthy Israeli customers are hard to please

C) the tourist industry has brought chain stores to Israel

D) Israeli customers prefer foreign produce to domestic ones

分析：這道題要求用推理的思路逐個(gè)篩選。根據(jù)第二段中“The electric company, whose...survey sheets.”可以判斷A)是正確答案。

2.In the author’s views, higher service standards　are impossible in Israel _________.

A) if customer complaints go unnoticed by the management

B) unless foreign companies are introduced in greater numbers

C) if there’s no competition among companies

D) without strict routine training of employees

分析：解此題先看一下第一段的邏輯思路：隨著富裕，Israeli消費(fèi)者的要求提高了(起因)——高水平的服務(wù)出現(xiàn)了(觀點(diǎn))——表現(xiàn)為三家公司的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)(例證)——沒有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)就沒有一切(結(jié)論)。因此，通過(guò)逆向思維很容易選出C)。

3. If someone in Israel today needs a repairman in case of a power failure, ________ .

A) they can have it fixed in no time

B) it’s no longer necessary to make an appointment

C) the appointment takes only half a day to make

D) they only have to wait half an hour at most

分析：題目給出了一種假設(shè)，要求根據(jù)假設(shè)選出一種結(jié)果。根據(jù)第二段中：“　The electric company, ... Now, appointments are scheduled to the half hour.　” D)為正確答案。

4. The example of E1 A1 Airlines shows that _______ .

A) revengeful customers are a threat to the monopoly of enterprises

B) an ad campaign is a way out for enterprises in financial difficulty

C) a good slogan has great potential for improvement service

D) staff retraining is essential for better service

分析：這是典型的例證題，看文章第二段的最后兩句，我們不難總結(jié)出：由于E1 A1對(duì)其員工進(jìn)行服務(wù)意識(shí)的再培訓(xùn)，并提出了相應(yīng)的口號(hào)，在其進(jìn)行的社會(huì)調(diào)查中，首次贊揚(yáng)者多于抱怨者。因此正確答案是D)。

5. Why did Bezaq’s international branch lose 40% of its market share?

A) Because the rates it offered were not competitive enough.

B) Because customers were dissatisfied with its　past service.

C) Because the service offered by its competitors was far better.

D) Because it no longer received any support from the government.

分析：這是一道因果關(guān)系題。根據(jù)第二段中的“its international ... years of bad service”很容易找到答案B)。

考生只要在平時(shí)的閱讀訓(xùn)練中，認(rèn)真練習(xí)邏輯思維;在考試中，合理應(yīng)用邏輯思維，一定會(huì)在四級(jí)考試中取得理想的成績(jī)。

(5)disapproval(不贊成的)

(6)indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的)

(7)sarcastic(諷刺的)

(8)critical(批評(píng)的)

(9)optimistic(樂觀的)

(10)pessimistic(悲觀的)

下而引類問(wèn)題的幾種提問(wèn)方式：

(1)What's the writer's attitude to…?

(2)What's the tone of the passage?

(3)The author's view is _______

(4)The writer's attitude of this passage is apparently _________

(5)The author suggests that _________

(6)According to author __________

有文章中，作者觀點(diǎn)明確，文章基調(diào)清楚，而有的文章中，作者僅僅暗示對(duì)某一問(wèn)題的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)，需要閱讀時(shí)仔細(xì)琢磨。解答這類問(wèn)題時(shí)，首先應(yīng)請(qǐng)注意篇章中起連接手段作用的那些詞語(yǔ);其次應(yīng)注意有些表明作者觀點(diǎn)詞匯，如形容詞、動(dòng)詞等。對(duì)文章的出處及文章前后接續(xù)內(nèi)容判斷等可從全篇著手，從個(gè)別句子或詞匯找線索進(jìn)行判斷。