2014年12月英語四級閱讀沖刺精講：段落信息匹配題(9)

TV Linked to Lower Marks

A) The effect of television on children has been debated ever since the first sets were turned on. Now three new studies find that too much tube time can lower test scores, retard learning and even predict college performance. The reports appear in the July issue of the Archives of Pediatrics & Ado-lescent Medicine.

B) In the first report, researchers studied the effect that having a TV in a child's bedroom can have on third graders. "We looked at the household media environment in relation to 　　academic achievementon mathematics, reading and language arts tests," said study author Dina L.G. Borzekowski, an as-sistant professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

C) Borzekowski and her colleague, Dr. Thomas Robinson of Stanford University, collected data on386 third graders and their parents about how much TV the children watched, the number of TV sets, computers and video game consoles in the household and where they were. They also collected data on how much time the children spent using the different media, as well as the time spent doing homework and reading. The researchers found that the media in the household, where it is and how it is used can have a profound effect on learning. "We found that the household media environment has a very close association with performance on the different test scores," Borzekowski said.

D) "A child who has a TV in his or her bedroom is likely to have a score that is eight points lower on a mathematics test compared to a child who doesn't have a TV in the bedroom," she noted. These children also scored lower on the reading and language arts tests. However, children who have ac-cess to a home computer are likely to have higher scores on each of the tests compared with children who don't have access to a home computer, Borzekowski noted.

E) The reasons why TV has this negative effect are not clear, Borzekowski said. "When there's TV in the bedroom, parents are less likely to have control over the content and the amount watched," Borzekowski said. "They are also unable to know how early or how late the set is on. This seems to be associated with kids' performance on academic tests." Borzekowski believes that content and the time the TV is on may be the primary reasons for its negative effect. "If the TV is in the family room, then parents can see the content of what children are watching," she said. "Parents can choose to sit alongside and watch, or turn the set off. A simple and straightforward, positive parenting strategy is to keep the TV out of the child's bedroom, or remove it if it's already there."

F) In the second report, Dr. Robert J. Hancox from the University of Ot ago in Dunedin, New Zealand, and colleagues found, regardless of your intelligence or social background, if you watch a lot of TV during childhood, you are a lot less likely to have a college degree by your mid-20s. In their study, the researchers followed 1,037 people born in 1972 and 1973. Every two years, between the ages of5 and 15, they were asked how much television they watched. The researchers found that those who watched the most television during these years had earned fewer degrees by the time they were 26."We found that the more television the child had watched, the more likely they were to leave school without any qualifications," Hancox said in a prepared statement. "Those who watched little television had the best chance of going on to university and earning a degree."

G) Hancox's team found that watching TV at an early age had the most effect on graduating from college. "An interesting finding was that although teenage viewing was strongly linked to leaving school without any qualifications, it was earlier childhood viewing that had the greatest impact on getting a degree," he said. "This suggests that excessive television in younger children has a long-lasting adverse effect on educational performance."

H) In the third paper, Frederick J. Zimmerman and Dr. Dimitri A. Christakis from the University of Washington report that, for very young children, watching TV can result in lower test scores in mathematics, reading recognition and reading comprehension. "We looked at how much television children watched before age 3 and then at ages 3 to 5," Zimmerman said. "We found that for children who watched a small amount of TV in the earlier years, there was co nsider able beneficial effect compared to children who watched a lot of TV."

I) For children aged 3 to 5, the effect was not as clear, Zimmerman said. "There were some beneficial effects of watching TV on reading, but no beneficial effects for math or vocabulary," he noted. "The worst pattern was to watch more than three hours of TV before age 3. Those kids had a significant disadvantage compared to the other kids." Parents should follow the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation, which is no TV for children under 2, Zimmerman said. "Personally, I feel the cutoff should be children under 3, because there is just not any good content for children under 3."

J) One expert believes that TV can have both positive and negative effects, but it all depends on what children are watching. "Content matters," said Deborah L. Line barger, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania, who co-authored an accompanying editorial. "Educational content has been found to be related to performance on school readiness tests, higher grades when they are teen-agers, whereas, non-educational content tends to be associated with lower academic performance."

K) Another expert agrees. "TV watching takes up space that could be used by more useful things," said Dr. Christopher P. Lucas, a clinical coordinator at the Early Childhood Evaluation and Treatment Program at the New York University Child Study Center. "TV is not necessarily toxic, but is some-thing that has to be done in moderation; something that balances the other needs of the child for healthy development."

L) Lucas puts the responsibility for how much TV kids watch and what they watch squarely on parents. "The amount of TV watching certainly has a link with the reduced amount of time reading or doing homework," he said. "The key is the amount of control parents have in limiting the amount of access. Get the TV out of the bedroom; be aware of what is being watched; limit the amount of TV watching."

46. According to Borzekowski, children having chances to use a family computer are likely to acquire better results on the different tests.

47. The reports issued in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescents Medicine find that watching too much TV leads to poor performance in school.

48. Watching more than three hours of TV before age 3 has bad effect on kids.

49. According to the second report, the chance for one to acquire a college degree depends on the amount of his TV watching during childhood.

50. In Deborah L. Lingbarger's opinion, educational content is helpful for teenagers to get better results on school readiness tests.

51. The environment of family media greatly affects children's test scores according to the first report.

52. Borzekowski believes that TV's negative effect on children's marks may mainly lie in what children watch on TV and how much time they spend on it.

53. Lucas thinks parents should take the responsibility to supervise kids' TV watching.

54. According to the recommendation from American Academy of Pediatrics, children under 2 should watch no TV.

55. Hancox thinks earlier childhood TV watching affects one's acquiring a college degree most.46.According to Borzekowski，children having chances to use a family computer are likely to acquire better re-suits on the different tests.Borzekowski發(fā)現(xiàn)能接觸使用家用電腦的孩子各項(xiàng)測試成績一般更好。

【解析】 D)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中chancestouse afamily computer可將答案定位于D)段最后一句話?？墒荁orzekowski又說，可以使用家庭電腦的孩子比家中沒有電腦的孩子更有可能在這些科目的測試中取得更高的分?jǐn)?shù).

47.The reports issued in the Archives of Pediatrics&Adolescents Medicine find that watching too much TV leads to poor perform ancein sch001.《兒科和青春期醫(yī)學(xué)檔案》雜志研究發(fā)現(xiàn)看電視時間太長會導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)成績差。

【解析】 A)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中the Archives of Pediatrics& Adolescents Medicine可將答案定位于Al段后兩句。目前，有三項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，看電視時間太長會導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)成績下降，妨礙學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)步，甚至影響在大學(xué)的成績。這三項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告刊載在7月份的《兒科和青春期醫(yī)學(xué)檔案》雜志上。

48.Watching more than three hours of TV before age 3 has bad effect on kids.

三歲前每天看電視三個小時以上會對孩子產(chǎn)生不好的影響。

【解析】I)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中more than three hours of TV before age 3可將答案定位于I)段第三四句話。最糟糕的便是在3歲之前每天看3個小時以上的電視。與其他孩子相比，他們會有較大的劣勢。

49.According to the second report，the chance for one to acquire a college degree depends on the amount of his TV watching during childhood.

第二則報(bào)告顯示：一個人能否獲取大學(xué)學(xué)位取決于他少年期看電視的時間。

【解析】F)。歸納題。根據(jù)句中the chance for one to acquire a college degree可將答案定位于F)段。F段整段的中心意思就是少年期看電視越多越不容易獲得大學(xué)學(xué)位，反之亦然。

50.In Deborah L.Lingbarger’s opinion，educational content is helpful for teenagers to get better results on school readiness tests.Deborah L.Ling barger認(rèn)為(電視上的)教育性內(nèi)容可以幫助青少年在入學(xué)預(yù)備考試中取得更好的成績。

【解析】 J)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中educational content可將答案定位于J)段末句。內(nèi)容很重要。教育性的內(nèi)容與入學(xué)預(yù)備考試的成績有關(guān)，有助于青少年取得更好的成績，而非教育性的內(nèi)容則往往導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)成績下降。

51. environment of family media greatly affects children’s test Scorcs according to the first report.

第一則報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，家庭媒體環(huán)境極大地影響孩子的測試成績。

【解析】C)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中environment of family media可將答案定位于C)段末句。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)家庭媒體環(huán)境與孩子不同的測驗(yàn)分?jǐn)?shù)的表現(xiàn)有密切的關(guān)系。

52.Borzekowski believes that TV’s negative effect on children’s marks may mainly lie in what children watch on TV and how much time they spend on it.

Borzekowski認(rèn)為電視給孩子的成績帶來負(fù)面影響，原因主要在于其收看內(nèi)容和時長。

【解析】E)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中TV’s negative effect可將答案定位于E)段，此段整段都在探討電視負(fù)面效應(yīng)的原因。其中一句尤為點(diǎn)題：Borzekowskibelieves that content and the lime the"IV is on may be the primary reasons for its negative effect.Borzekowski認(rèn)為電視內(nèi)容和觀看的時間可能是導(dǎo)致電視機(jī)的負(fù)面影響的主要原因。What children watch on TV and how much time they spend on it是.content and the time的同類表述。

53?Lucas thinks parents should take the responsibility to supervise kids’TV watchin.　Lucas認(rèn)為父母有責(zé)任監(jiān)督孩子看電視。

【解析】 L)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中parents should take the responsibility可將答案定位于L)段首句。Lucas認(rèn)為孩予看電視的時間和內(nèi)容應(yīng)該完全由父母負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督。

54.According to　the recommendation　from　American　Academy　of　Peadialrics，children under　2 should　watch TV.

美國小兒科協(xié)會建議不要讓兩歲以下孩子看電視。

【解析】 I)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中Amcerican Academy of Peadiatrics和under2可將答案定位于I)段倒數(shù)第二句。Zimmerman表示家長應(yīng)該聽從美國小兒科學(xué)會的建議，不要讓2歲以下的孩子看電視。

55.Hancox thinks earlier childhood TV watching affects one’s acquiring a college degree most.

Hancox認(rèn)為兒童早期看電視最影響一個人能否獲取大學(xué)學(xué)位。

【解析】 G)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中earlier childhood和college degree可將答案定位于G)段第二句。一項(xiàng)有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，雖然少年時期看電視很可能會導(dǎo)致沒有畢業(yè)就離開學(xué)校，但是對能否取得學(xué)位影響最大的卻是童年時期看電視。