為什么我們會(huì)打哈欠？打哈欠又為什么會(huì)傳染？

你或許會(huì)注意到，聚會(huì)的一群人中只要有一個(gè)人打了哈欠，其他的人也會(huì)接二連三地開(kāi)始打哈欠，甚至你家的寵物狗狗也會(huì)被你的哈欠傳染。人為什么會(huì)打哈欠，打哈欠又為什么會(huì)傳染呢?

You know the feeling. It’s impossible to resist. You just need to yawn.

你知道這種感覺(jué)。那種沖動(dòng)很難抗拒，你就是想打個(gè)哈欠。

A yawn consists of an extended gaping of the mouth followed by a more rapid closure.

打哈欠時(shí)，人們張大嘴巴，之后以更快的速度閉上嘴。

In mammals and birds, a long intake of breath and shorter exhale follows the gaping of the mouth, but in other species such as fish, amphibians and snakes there is no intake of breath.

哺乳動(dòng)物和鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)張嘴打哈欠會(huì)吸入一大口氣，之后短暫呼氣。但其他動(dòng)物打哈欠時(shí)并不吸氣，比如魚(yú)類(lèi)、兩棲動(dòng)物和蛇。

But why does it occur?

但哈欠是怎么來(lái)的呢?

In the past, people have had many hypotheses. As far back as 400 BC, Hippocrates thought yawning removed bad air from the lungs before a fever.

在過(guò)去，人們有很多假想。在公元前400年，古希臘名醫(yī)希波克拉底認(rèn)為，發(fā)燒之前，哈欠會(huì)把廢氣從肺部排出。

In the 17th and 18th century, doctors believed yawning increased oxygen in the blood, blood pressure, heart rate and blood flow itself.

在17和18世紀(jì)，醫(yī)生們認(rèn)為哈欠可以增加血液中的氧氣、使血壓和心率上升、促進(jìn)血流。

More recently, consensus moved toward the idea that yawning cools down the brain, so when ambient conditions and temperature of the brain itself increase, yawning episodes increase.

近年來(lái)，更多人認(rèn)為哈欠會(huì)讓大腦冷靜，所以當(dāng)外界條件趨于緊張，大腦溫度增加時(shí)，打哈欠的頻率也會(huì)增加。

Despite all these theories, the truth is that scientists do not know the true biological function of a yawn.

雖說(shuō)有這么多的理論，但真相是，科學(xué)家并不知道哈欠真實(shí)的生物功能。

What we do know is that yawning occurs in just about every species. It happens when an animal is tired. It can be used as a threat display in some species.

我們只知道，幾乎每種動(dòng)物都會(huì)打哈欠。動(dòng)物疲勞的時(shí)候會(huì)打哈欠。一些動(dòng)物用哈欠作為威脅。

Yawning can occur during times of social conflict and stress, something researchers call a displacement behavior.

哈欠還可以在遇到社會(huì)沖突和壓力時(shí)產(chǎn)生。一些研究人員稱(chēng)之為替代行為。

And that wide-open mouth can be contagious, especially in social species such as humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, macaques and wolves.

而且，打哈欠會(huì)傳染，特別是在社會(huì)型動(dòng)物中，比如人類(lèi)、黑猩猩、倭黑猩猩、獼猴和狼。

Watching someone yawn - heck, even reading about yawns - can lead you to yawn yourself. Why?

看到別人打哈欠，甚至讀到打哈欠的情節(jié)，自己也會(huì)打哈欠，這又是為什么呢?

Research on humans tell us that people who are more empathetic tend to be more susceptible to contagious yawning. When you see someone else yawn, the networks in your brain responsible for empathy and social skills are activated.

關(guān)于人類(lèi)的研究告訴我們，越有同理心的人越容易被哈欠傳染。當(dāng)你看到別人打哈欠，你的大腦中負(fù)責(zé)共鳴和社交技能的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)就會(huì)被激活。

Is yawning contagious for dogs, too? In 2011, UK biologists tested for contagious yawning between people and man’s best friend.

打哈欠可以傳染給狗嗎?2011年，英國(guó)生物學(xué)家對(duì)人和狗之間打哈欠是否傳染進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)。

Although five of the 19 dogs they studied did yawn in response to an unfamiliar person’s yawn, the researchers couldn’t prove the yawns were contagious.

盡管在參與測(cè)試的19只狗中，有5只的確受到陌生人打哈欠的行為感染也打了哈欠，但研究人員仍不能證實(shí)這種傳染性。

In 2013, cognitive and behavioral scientists at the University of Tokyo once again tested contagious yawning in canines while controlling for stress.

2013年，東京大學(xué)認(rèn)知和行為學(xué)家在控制壓力的條件下再次測(cè)試了狗是否會(huì)被打哈欠傳染。

This time the researchers found that dogs were more likely to yawn in response to a familiar person. They concluded that dogs can “catch” a yawn from humans and that yawning is a social rather than a stress-based behavior.

這次研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，狗在見(jiàn)到熟悉的人打哈欠時(shí)更容易被傳染。他們得出結(jié)論稱(chēng)，狗會(huì)被人打哈欠的行為傳染，打哈欠是一種社會(huì)行為，而非基于壓力的行為。

In 2014, University of Nebraska psychologists looked at contagious yawning in shelter dogs.

2014年，內(nèi)布拉斯加大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家觀(guān)察了收容所的狗打哈欠傳染的現(xiàn)象。

They found that some dogs that yawned when exposed to human yawning had elevated cortisol levels - a proxy for stress.

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，被人打哈欠傳染的狗皮質(zhì)醇水平升高，皮質(zhì)醇是一種壓力荷爾蒙。

Levels of the cortisol stress hormone did not rise in dogs that didn’t yawn in response to a human yawn.

看到人打哈欠時(shí)毫無(wú)反應(yīng)的狗狗體內(nèi)皮質(zhì)醇?jí)毫蔂柮伤讲⑽瓷摺?/p>

This finding suggests some dogs find human yawning stressful and others do not. More research is needed to evaluate this aspect of the human-dog relationship.

這一發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，一些狗狗認(rèn)為人打哈欠給它們帶來(lái)了壓力，而另一些則沒(méi)有。我們還需要更多的研究來(lái)評(píng)估人與狗之間在打哈欠時(shí)產(chǎn)生的關(guān)聯(lián)。

So the jury’s still out on the true why of yawning. But when it comes to inter-species yawning, you can collect your own anecdotal data.

所以，關(guān)于打哈欠的原因目前還沒(méi)有定論。但是若論到打哈欠互相傳染，你可以從自己的生活中搜集一些證據(jù)。

Try an experiment at home: Yawn and see if your pet yawns back.

可以在家里做個(gè)小試驗(yàn)：打個(gè)哈欠，看看你的寵物會(huì)不會(huì)也回給你一個(gè)哈欠。