讓我們來(lái)看看一些常見(jiàn)的稅收細(xì)目

Taxes are obviously necessary in order for a society to provide public goods and services to its citizens. Unfortunately, taxes also impose costs on citizens both directly (because if an individual gives money to the government, she doesn't have the money any longer) and indirectly (because taxes introduce inefficiency or deadweight loss) into markets.

為了社會(huì)能夠向公民提供公共產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，稅收顯然是必要的。不幸的是，稅收也直接(因?yàn)槿绻粋€(gè)人把錢(qián)給政府，她就不再擁有這筆錢(qián)了)或間接(因?yàn)槎愂諏?dǎo)致低效率或無(wú)謂的損失)地強(qiáng)制公民將資本投入市場(chǎng)。

Because the inefficiency that taxes introduce grows more than proportional to the amount of a tax, it makes sense for the government to structure taxes so that a lot of markets get taxed a little bit rather than so that a few markets get taxed a lot.

因?yàn)槎愂諑?lái)的低效率增長(zhǎng)超過(guò)了稅收的比例，所以政府要合理地安排稅收結(jié)構(gòu)，在多個(gè)市場(chǎng)少量征稅，而不是在少數(shù)市場(chǎng)大量征稅。

Therefore, a number of different taxes exist, and they can be categorized in a number of ways. Let's take a look at some of the common tax breakdowns.

因此，存在許多不同的稅種，它們可以按照多種方式進(jìn)行分類(lèi)。讓我們來(lái)看看一些常見(jiàn)的稅收細(xì)目。

Income Taxes

所得稅

An income tax, not surprisingly, is a tax on the money that an individual or household makes.

毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，所得稅是對(duì)個(gè)人或家庭的收入征稅。

This income can either come from labor income such as wages, salaries, and bonuses or from investment income such as interest, dividends, and capital gains. Income taxes are generally stated as a percentage of income, and this percentage can vary as the amount of a household's income varies.

這種收入既可以來(lái)自勞動(dòng)所得，如工資、薪水和獎(jiǎng)金，也可以來(lái)自投資收益，如利息、股利和資本收益。所得稅通常以收入的百分比表示，這個(gè)百分比可以隨著家庭收入的變化而變化。

Consumption Taxes

消費(fèi)稅

Consumption taxes, on the other hand, are levied when an individual or household buys stuff.

另一方面，消費(fèi)稅是在個(gè)人或家庭在購(gòu)買(mǎi)貨物時(shí)征收的。

In the U.S., the most common consumption tax is a sales tax, which is levied as a percentage of the price of most items that are sold to consumers.

在美國(guó)，最常見(jiàn)的消費(fèi)稅是銷(xiāo)售稅(營(yíng)業(yè)稅)，它是按銷(xiāo)售給消費(fèi)者的大多數(shù)商品價(jià)格的百分比征收的。

In China, the sales tax is replaced by the quite similar value-added tax. (The main difference between a sales tax and a value-added tax is that the latter is levied at each stage of production and is thus levied on both businesses and households.)

在中國(guó)，銷(xiāo)售稅被相當(dāng)類(lèi)似的增值稅所取代。(銷(xiāo)售稅和增值稅的主要區(qū)別在于，增值稅是在生產(chǎn)的每個(gè)階段都要征收的，因此對(duì)企業(yè)和家庭都征收。)

Consumption taxes can also take the form of excise or luxury taxes, which are taxes on specific items (cars, alcohol, etc.) at rates that may differ from the overall sales tax rate. Many e conomists feel that consumption taxes are more efficient than income taxes in fostering economic growth.

營(yíng)業(yè)稅也可以采取消費(fèi)稅或奢侈品稅的形式，這是針對(duì)特定項(xiàng)目(汽車(chē)、酒精等)的稅收，稅率可能與總體銷(xiāo)售稅不同。許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，在促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方面，消費(fèi)稅比所得稅更有效。

Regressive, Proportional, and Progressive Taxes

累退稅，比例稅和累進(jìn)稅

Taxes can also be categorized as either regressive, proportional, or progressive, and the distinction has to do with the behavior of the tax as the taxable base (such as a household's income or a business' profit) changes:

稅收也可以分為累退型、比例型或累進(jìn)型，這種區(qū)別與稅基變化(如家庭收入或企業(yè)利潤(rùn))時(shí)的納稅行為有關(guān)。

A regressive tax is a tax where lower-income entities pay a higher fraction of their income in taxes than do higher-income entities.

累退稅是指低收入實(shí)體比高收入實(shí)體支付更高比例的稅收。

A proportional tax (sometimes called a flat tax) is a tax where everyone, regardless of income, pays the same fraction of income in taxes.

比例稅(有時(shí)稱(chēng)為固定稅)，是指每個(gè)人，不論收入如何，都要繳納相同比例的所得稅。

A progressive tax is a tax where lower-income entities pay a lower fraction of their income in taxes than do higher-income entities.

累進(jìn)稅是一種低收入企業(yè)比高收入企業(yè)支付更低比例的稅收。

Revenue Taxes versus Sin Taxes

收入稅與罪惡稅

The main function of most taxes is to raise revenue that the government can use to provide goods and services to the public.

大多數(shù)稅收的主要功能是增加政府可以用來(lái)向公眾提供商品和服務(wù)的收入。

Taxes that have this goal are referred to as "revenue taxes." Other taxes, however, are put in place not specifically to raise revenue but instead to correct for negative externalities, or "bad" behaviors, where production and consumption have negative side effects for society.

具有這種目的的稅收被稱(chēng)為“收入稅”。不過(guò)其他稅收并不是專(zhuān)門(mén)用來(lái)增加收入的，而是用來(lái)糾正負(fù)外部性或“不良”行為，在這些行為中，生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)對(duì)社會(huì)具有負(fù)面影響。

Such taxes are often referred to as "sin taxes," but in more precise economic terms are known as "Pigovian taxes," named after e conomist Arthur Pigou.

這類(lèi)稅收通常被稱(chēng)為“罪惡稅”，但在更精確的經(jīng)濟(jì)術(shù)語(yǔ)中被稱(chēng)為“庇古稅”，以經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家阿瑟•庇古的名字命名。

Because of their differing objectives, revenue taxes and sin taxes differ in their desired behavioral responses from producers and consumers.

由于目標(biāo)不同，收入稅和罪惡稅在生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者期望的行為反應(yīng)方面不同。

Revenue taxes, on one hand, are viewed as best or most efficient when people don't change their work or consumption behavior very much and instead let the tax just act as a transfer to the government. (A revenue tax is said to have low dead-weight loss in this case.)

一方面，當(dāng)人們不太改變他們的工作或消費(fèi)行為，而是只讓稅收作為向政府的轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)，收入稅被認(rèn)為是最好或最有效的。(據(jù)說(shuō)，在這種情況下，稅收具有較低的死重量損失。)

A sin tax, on the other hand, is viewed as best when it has a large effect on the behavior of producers and consumers, even if it doesn't raise very much money for the government.

另一方面，如果罪惡稅對(duì)生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者的行為有很大影響，即使它沒(méi)有為政府籌集到多少資金，它也被認(rèn)為是最好的稅。