耶魯：錄取那些和兄弟一起長大的女性——兄弟越多越好

When the first undergraduate women to be admitted to Yale arrived on campus 50 years ago this fall, they were outnumbered seven to one. To prepare, Yale installed full-length mirrors in the women’s dorm rooms and, to the dismay of many men, banned nudity in the gym. But there were no women’s studies classes, no women’s competitive sports and little idea how to support women at a place that was, in 1969, the oldest all-male college in the country.

50年前的這個秋天，耶魯大學首批本科女生入學時，男生的人數是她們的七倍。作為準備工作，耶魯大學在女生宿舍安裝了一人高的鏡子，并且禁止在健身房內裸體，后者讓很多男生失望。但當時沒有女性研究課程，沒有女子競技體育，在1969年，幾乎沒有人知道，在這個國家歷史最悠久的男校，應當如何支持女性。

Sixty-five percent of them had a class in which they were the only woman, according to an unpublished survey, conducted this year, of nearly half the 575 female freshmen and transfers who entered in ’69. About half never had a female instructor. Sixteen percent said they were sexually harassed by Yale professors or authorities, and the university had no system for reporting it.

今年，一項未發(fā)表的調查詢問了1969年入學的575名大一女生和轉校生中近半數的人，結果發(fā)現65%的人所在的班級里只有一名女生。大約一半的人從來沒有過女導師。16%的人說她們受到耶魯大學教授或領導的性騷擾，而耶魯大學當時沒有報告性騷擾的制度。

Women weren’t allowed to have lunch at Mory’s, a private dining club where important meetings took place. They were barred from most extracurricular activities. And Yale severely limited the number of women who could be admitted, as described in a book about the class, “Yale Needs Women,” published last month by Anne Gardiner Perkins, a historian.

女性當時不被允許在莫瑞餐廳(Mory’s)吃午飯，這是一家私人用餐俱樂部，重要會議都在這里舉行。她們被禁止參加大多數課外活動。而且，正如歷史學家安妮·加德納·帕金斯(Anne Gardiner Perkins)上月出版的一本關于這屆男女同校班級的書《耶魯需要女性》(Yale Needs Women)中所描述的那樣，耶魯對女性入學人數采取嚴格的限制措施。

The experiences of the first women at Yale tell a bigger story about what happens when institutions that have been dominated by white men try to diversify. Yale, like many places of power, allowed women to enter. But it didn’t treat them as equals.

耶魯第一批女生的經歷講述了一個更大的故事：當白人男性主導的機構試圖多元化時會發(fā)生什么。和許多有權力的地方一樣，耶魯也允許女性進入。但它并沒有平等對待她們。

“For places like Yale or Congress or the White House, the battle for equity only begins when you open the door and let women in for the first time,” Ms. Perkins said. “It requires the institution to change.”

“對耶魯大學、國會或白宮這樣的地方來說，只有當你打開大門，讓女性首次進入時，爭取平等的斗爭才會開始，”帕金斯說。“這需要制度的改變。”

By 1969, most public universities and those in the Midwest and West were already coed. Elite, private and Roman Catholic institutions in the Northeast were lagging (but by 1973, most of them were coed, too).

到1969年，大多數公立大學以及中西部和西部的大學已經實現男女同校。東北部的精英學院、私人學院和羅馬天主教教會學校落在了后面(但到1973年，它們也大都實現了男女同校)。

Yale set out to educate “1,000 male leaders,” and male applicants needed to demonstrate academic achievement and leadership potential. But women weren’t assumed to be leaders, Ms. Perkins wrote. So in addition to academics, they were evaluated on grit — “a certain toughness, a pioneer quality,” Henry Chauncey Jr., an administrator at the time, told The New York Times in 1969. (The article ran alongside an ad for children’s clothing: “Girls’ styles are colorful and pretty; boys’ styles are fun-loving and rugged.”)

耶魯的目標是培養(yǎng)“1000名男性領導者”， 男性申請者必須證明自己的學術成就和領導潛力。但帕金斯寫道，人們并不認為女性是領導者。因此，除了學術之外，她們的評估標準是毅力——“一定的韌性，一種拓荒者的品質”，時任耶魯管理人員小亨利·昌西(Henry Chauncey Jr.)在1969年接受《紐約時報》采訪時表示。(該文旁邊是一則童裝廣告：“女童裝漂亮多彩;男童裝風趣粗獷。”)

One way to find gritty women, according to Yale? Admit those who were raised with brothers — the more the better. Of the survey respondents, 93 percent had at least one brother.

根據耶魯的標準，怎樣才能發(fā)現堅毅的女人?錄取那些和兄弟一起長大的人——越多越好。在受訪者中，93%的人至少有一個兄弟。

Besides being sexist, the different admissions criteria were an acknowledgment that assimilating at Yale would largely be the responsibility of the individual women.

除了性別歧視外，不同的錄取標準也顯示，融入耶魯很大程度上是這些女性自己的功勞。

Other places of power that have diversified in the last half century have presented similar challenges, including Congress, said Representative Sheila Jackson Lee, a Texas Democrat and a member of Yale’s first coed class. At both institutions, she said, it was common to enter a room and see no other women, let alone another African-American woman like her. But she became a campus leader, in the civil rights movement and as a church deacon.

得克薩斯州民主黨眾議員、耶魯大學第一個男女同校班級的成員希拉·杰克遜·李(Sheila Jackson Lee)說，過去半個世紀里，其他實現多元化的權力機構也面臨著類似的挑戰(zhàn)，包括國會。她說，在這兩個機構里，過去走進一個房間，除了她自己，往往看不到其他女性，更不用說和她一樣的非裔美國女性。但她后來成為民權運動的校園領袖，并擔任教堂執(zhí)事。

The administration had done little to incorporate women. It appointed Elga Wasserman to oversee coeducation, but she had the budget for only a secretary and an intern, Ms. Perkins said. There were no formal meet-ups for women, who were divided among 12 dorms. Female graduate students acted as advisers, but there were no trained counselors. There were three tenured female professors that year.

校方在吸納女性方面幾乎沒有做什么。帕金斯說，學校任命埃爾加·沃瑟曼(Elga Wasserman)監(jiān)管男女同校教育，但她只有一個秘書和一個實習生的預算。當時沒有正式的女性見面會，她們被分到12間宿舍里。女研究生擔任顧問，但沒有訓練有素的指導顧問。那一年有三位終身女教授。

The students were at the forefront of the women’s movement of the 1970s, which demanded that women be full participants in society. Many were also involved in other causes, including abortion rights, the Black Power movement and Vietnam War protests.

這些學生是20世紀70年代女性運動的先鋒，該運動要求女性充分參與社會活動。很多人還參與了其他事業(yè)，包括墮胎權、黑人權力運動(Black Power)和反越戰(zhàn)活動。

Their experiences illustrate how much has changed in 50 years — and how much has not. The birth control pill was illegal for unmarried women in many states, including Connecticut (so was abortion). Yet 83 percent said they took it, according to the survey, which was privately presented at a reunion this fall of the first women and provided by an attendee. Most got a prescription from Yale’s new gynecologist, who had an agreement with the police to look the other way, Ms. Perkins wrote.

她們的經歷說明了50年來發(fā)生了多少變化——又有多少還沒有變化。在很多州，口服避孕藥對于未婚女性屬于非法，包括康涅狄格州(墮胎也是)。但根據這項調查，83%的受訪者表示服用過，調查結果由一名與會者提供，在今年秋天第一批女生的聚會上私下公布。帕金斯寫道，大多數人是從耶魯大學的新任婦科醫(yī)生那里得到了處方，醫(yī)生與警方達成一致，對此睜一只眼閉一只眼。

In their post-college achievements, they were unusual among American women their age, and faced challenges that have become familiar to highly educated women today: how to achieve educational, career and family goals when they’re all running on the same clock.

她們大學畢業(yè)后取得的成就，在同齡美國女性中非同尋常，并且面臨著今天受過高等教育的女性并不陌生的挑戰(zhàn)：要如何在同一時間實現教育、職業(yè)和家庭目標。

Eighty-nine percent received advanced degrees. A third became the primary household breadwinners, and a third described themselves as homemakers. Fifty-nine percent said they faced gender discrimination that stunted their careers.

89%的學生獲得了高等學位。三分之一的人成為家庭主要的經濟支柱，三分之一的人稱自己是全職主婦。59%的人說她們面臨過阻礙職業(yè)發(fā)展的性別歧視。

Eighty-two percent of respondents had children, and their average age of first birth was 33. The national average at the time was 21. (Today it is 26, and 30 for those with a college degree.) More than a third said they delayed having children for career reasons, and nearly a third said they struggled with infertility.

82%的受訪者有孩子，她們首次生育的平均年齡為33歲。當時全國的平均水平是21歲。(今天是26歲，擁有大學學歷的是30歲。)超過三分之一的人表示，她們因為職業(yè)原因推遲要孩子，近三分之一的人表示她們有生育方面的困難。

Sixty percent said both they and their partner worked full time. But half that share said their partners shared in responsibilities like housework and cleaning.

60%的人表示，她們和伴侶都有全職工作。但其中有一半人說，她們的伴侶分擔家務和打掃衛(wèi)生等責任。