Caroline Gordon (1895—1981)
海明威是美國(guó)最重要的小說(shuō)家之一,他對(duì)小說(shuō)藝術(shù)的貢獻(xiàn),非本文所能詳論。本文只是選海氏原文一段,加以評(píng)注,也許可以幫助讀者對(duì)于海氏寫(xiě)作技巧的了解。
評(píng)注者卡洛琳·戈登為美國(guó)小說(shuō)家,曾有長(zhǎng)短篇小說(shuō)多種問(wèn)世。本文原題“Notes on Hemingway and Kafka,”發(fā)表于Sewanee Review 1949年春季號(hào)??辶铡じ甑呛笈cAllen Tale(1899—1979,美國(guó)名批評(píng)家、詩(shī)人,歷任北卡羅來(lái)納、普林斯頓、紐約、芝加哥、明尼蘇達(dá)各大學(xué)教授)合輯小說(shuō)評(píng)選集,書(shū)名《小說(shuō)之屋》(The House of Fiction, N. Y., 1950),書(shū)中對(duì)于海明威有較詳盡之評(píng)介。此處所錄幾段,亦見(jiàn)于該書(shū)。
Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms begins:
In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plains to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels. Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the trees. The trunks of the trees were dusty and the leaves fell early that year and we saw troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and the soldiers marching and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves.
● 所引海氏原文,請(qǐng)讀者先仔細(xì)讀幾遍,看看能不能發(fā)現(xiàn)它有什么優(yōu)點(diǎn)。讀者至少可以發(fā)現(xiàn)兩點(diǎn):一、用字皆極簡(jiǎn)單,全段幾乎并無(wú)難字,即使有一二生字,在普通字典里都可以查得到。二、句子結(jié)構(gòu)也很簡(jiǎn)單,短短一段里面,and竟用了十幾次,好像天下沒(méi)有別的連接詞可以用似的;現(xiàn)在分詞用得較多,定語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)兩次,狀語(yǔ)從句一個(gè)都沒(méi)有用。
● 學(xué)英文的人普通都知道寫(xiě)“simple English”的重要,海明威的英文,如此處所引者,總可以算是simple了罷?但是英文要寫(xiě)得像海明威那樣簡(jiǎn)單,實(shí)在是多年苦功的結(jié)果。海氏沒(méi)有進(jìn)過(guò)大學(xué),1917年中學(xué)畢業(yè)后,進(jìn)報(bào)館工作;報(bào)館做了沒(méi)有幾個(gè)月,就自告奮勇到歐洲去駕駛戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)救護(hù)車(chē)(按:第一次歐戰(zhàn)于1914年爆發(fā))。歐戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時(shí)他所有的寫(xiě)作經(jīng)驗(yàn),只是在中學(xué)和報(bào)館里所學(xué)到的那一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。他生平得益最深的時(shí)候,是戰(zhàn)后在巴黎的那幾年。那時(shí)他勤練寫(xiě)作,更幸運(yùn)的是他交到了幾位良師益友,其中以名詩(shī)人Ezra Pound和名散文風(fēng)格家Gertrude Stein(兩人皆旅法美僑)給他的啟發(fā)最深。Pound拿他的文章老實(shí)不客氣地大大刪改,把有堆砌之嫌的形容詞統(tǒng)統(tǒng)杠掉。Stein女士則務(wù)求精確,力斥虛浮,對(duì)寫(xiě)作別具見(jiàn)解,海明威生平對(duì)她最為服膺。海氏日后所以能自成一家,文章受萬(wàn)人模仿者,Stein女士教誨之功不小。海氏私生活雖放浪不羈,如傳奇中人,但對(duì)于寫(xiě)作的態(tài)度極謹(jǐn)嚴(yán),幾乎一筆不茍,他這種認(rèn)真的習(xí)慣是在巴黎那時(shí)養(yǎng)成的。
● 現(xiàn)在再回到海氏原文。A Farewell to Arms解作“向武器告別”,是海氏一部很有名的長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)(1929年出版)。故事內(nèi)容講一個(gè)美國(guó)義勇救護(hù)車(chē)隊(duì)隊(duì)員在意大利前線服務(wù)時(shí),同一個(gè)英籍護(hù)士發(fā)生戀愛(ài),幾經(jīng)波折,終于好夢(mèng)難諧,后來(lái)那個(gè)護(hù)士因難產(chǎn)在瑞士逝世。書(shū)有中文譯本,譯名《戰(zhàn)地春夢(mèng)》,林疑今譯,這里且把這一段林氏的譯文錄下,以供讀者參考:
● “那一年晚夏,我們住在鄉(xiāng)下一間小房子里。從我們那座房子,看得見(jiàn)隔河的平原,那平原同山聯(lián)在一起。河底有漂石和圓石子,在太陽(yáng)光下,又白又干;河水則又藍(lán)又清,水流得很快。軍隊(duì)從房子旁邊的路上走過(guò),卷起塵沙,灑在樹(shù)葉上。樹(shù)干也是積滿塵土,樹(shù)葉早落,軍隊(duì)一開(kāi)去,塵沙滿天;微風(fēng)一吹,樹(shù)葉兒就墮。軍隊(duì)走完了后,路上除落葉外,白白漫漫,空無(wú)一物?!?
● 林氏譯文可以稱得上簡(jiǎn)潔流暢。唯關(guān)于河流一句,意義不甚明白。河水既又藍(lán)又清,怎么“河底”的石子會(huì)“又白又干”呢?河水應(yīng)該很淺,“河床”上的大小石頭有露于水外者,故能又白又干。in the channels三字漏譯,擬在下面再討論。
● 這一段文章字面上的意義,大致已經(jīng)沒(méi)有什么問(wèn)題。我們現(xiàn)在可以看看卡洛琳·戈登如何更進(jìn)一步地研究它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
The tone of the whole book is set in the first paragraph. The tone, in this case, is a mood, a dramatization of the wistful rebellion of youth, confronted with the hard facts of life, love and death. This mood is evoked by the very sound of the words in the first sentence:
In the late summer of that year… and persists throughout the book.
● tone:調(diào)子,情調(diào)。所謂調(diào)子其實(shí)就是態(tài)度(對(duì)于書(shū)中題材所取的態(tài)度)。一篇小說(shuō)的調(diào)子可以正經(jīng),可以俏皮;可以輕快,也可以憂郁。戈登女士說(shuō)A Farewell to Arms全書(shū)的調(diào)子在第一段就表現(xiàn)出來(lái)了。本書(shū)(in this case)的調(diào)子是一種特殊的心情(mood):是青年人憂郁的反抗心理(wistful rebellion),面對(duì)著人間生、愛(ài)、死三種殘酷的現(xiàn)實(shí),主觀客觀雙方?jīng)_突,在心頭所造成的對(duì)峙局面。(dramatization:戲劇化,所謂“戲劇”[drama]在英文里常常指兩種力量的沖突:如忠奸不兩立,忠孝不能兩全,或天人交戰(zhàn)等,這些情形在英文里都可以用drama這個(gè)字來(lái)表示。)我們不妨把海氏原文再讀一遍,看看它的調(diào)子如何。我們不會(huì)覺(jué)得它雄壯,也不會(huì)感覺(jué)滑稽,我們只覺(jué)得調(diào)子相當(dāng)沉重,沉重之中,似乎還帶著一點(diǎn)悵惘,一種無(wú)可奈何的神情——A Farewell to Arms全書(shū)就都是照了這個(gè)調(diào)子進(jìn)行的。
● evoked:?jiǎn)酒?。persists:堅(jiān)持不改。戈登女士說(shuō)即使起頭那幾個(gè)字的聲音,就可以喚起這一種悵惘之感。讀者不妨再試讀一下,看看有沒(méi)有她所講的那種反應(yīng)。假如一讀上去,真會(huì)有這種感覺(jué),那么海明威的文字技巧,足以與音樂(lè)媲美了。音樂(lè)旋律的能不能感動(dòng)人,據(jù)說(shuō)是沒(méi)有理由可講的。但據(jù)我個(gè)人看來(lái),海明威的第一句的句法的特點(diǎn)是幾乎沒(méi)有頓挫,少變化,多重復(fù),拍子平整徐緩,然而以緩勝速,以拙勝巧。開(kāi)頭In the late summer of that year,七個(gè)字慢慢地拉得很長(zhǎng),隔了兩個(gè)字,就又出現(xiàn)了in a house in a village,似乎很笨拙地把in重復(fù)應(yīng)用。looked一字,遙指句末的mountains,雖然一氣呵成,然而按部就班,不慌不忙,先是river,再是plains;而且兩字之前,除冠詞 the外,不加任何形容詞。(這里加形容詞的誘惑是很大的,但是加了形容詞,拍子就亂了,作者至此,非沉住氣克制自己不可。)第一句句法的要義如此,但是這和感情作用有什么關(guān)系呢?這就得請(qǐng)讀者細(xì)心體會(huì)了。
The rendering of the rest of the passage is also admirable. The action of the sun shows the pebbles and boulders that lie in the bed of the river to be dry and white. The river is clear and moves swiftly; the further specification that it was blue where water was deepest (in the channels) makes us see it flow. We are convinced that the troops passed the house by the fact that enough dust was raised to powder the leaves of the trees and even the trunks.
● rendering:處理。The action of the sun shows:全書(shū)第一段,故事可說(shuō)還沒(méi)有開(kāi)始,只是景物描寫(xiě)。景物描寫(xiě),容易落入呆滯,應(yīng)該設(shè)法于靜中見(jiàn)動(dòng)。又忌籠統(tǒng)模糊,應(yīng)明確清楚,使讀者如親眼目睹一般。原文講石子之處用的in the sun是三字,但實(shí)際是太陽(yáng)照耀的結(jié)果,故曰“太陽(yáng)的動(dòng)作,使石子顯得又干又白”。用了in the sun三字,即暗含太陽(yáng)的動(dòng)作,而且使讀者看得明明白白,清清楚楚。
● specification:(特別標(biāo)明的)品性。channels:流水最深之處(the deeper part of a waterway)。該句似應(yīng)作“河水很清,流得很快,水流很深處,則呈藍(lán)色?!边@樣一解釋,水的流動(dòng)顯得更躍然如在目前了。
● We are convinced被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),接下面by the fact:由于這件事實(shí),我們才深信……。灰塵這么多,使我們不得不深信軍隊(duì)真在那屋子旁邊開(kāi)過(guò)。小說(shuō)(fiction)本是虛構(gòu)想象之作,唯善寫(xiě)小說(shuō)者,能使讀者把虛構(gòu)的事情信以為真耳。
The phrase, "the leaves fell early that year," is an admirable preparation for the climax of the action; that is to say, "My love died young." The whole Resolution is, in fact, both prepared for and symbolized in this passage: "we saw troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves." A human heart, ravaged by grief, will ultimately become as bare and as quiet as the white road that the soldiers have passed over.
● 本段牽涉到象征主義(symbolism)的問(wèn)題。早落的樹(shù)葉就是象征他的愛(ài)人之早夭——作者輕輕淡淡地提了the leaves fell early這幾個(gè)字,想不到其用意有如此之深。乍一看好像是無(wú)關(guān)緊要的描寫(xiě)風(fēng)景,而不知作者筆力于一開(kāi)頭即已貫穿全書(shū),其才華其功力實(shí)令人欽佩。象征(symbols)的運(yùn)作,要貼切,要含蓄。如此處改說(shuō):“我看見(jiàn)了早落的樹(shù)葉,就想起我那早夭的愛(ài)人。”即顯淺薄低俗。如曰:“我的愛(ài)人呀,你的命就像那早落的樹(shù)葉!”,則使讀者渾身起雞皮疙瘩矣。
● climax:高潮。preparation:準(zhǔn)備工作,伏筆。開(kāi)頭提了一下樹(shù)葉的早落,即為后文“全書(shū)故事動(dòng)作的高潮”(其愛(ài)人之死)做一伏筆,而且是很好的伏筆,令人擊節(jié)稱賞(admirable)。
● Resolution:解決。此為研究小說(shuō)技巧之專門(mén)術(shù)語(yǔ),故用大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)始。一篇小說(shuō)的結(jié)構(gòu),普通都可分作兩部,前面是Complication,后面是Resolution(錯(cuò)綜與解決;或系鈴與解鈴)。A Farewell to Arms中,那位救傷隊(duì)中尉同英國(guó)護(hù)士認(rèn)識(shí),是“錯(cuò)綜”的開(kāi)始;他愛(ài)人因難產(chǎn)喪生,是小說(shuō)的“解決”。戈登女士說(shuō),全書(shū)第一段的末句已替后文的解決全部做了伏筆,而且這一句話就象征了故事的凄涼的結(jié)局。
● 原來(lái)那條“白白漫漫,空無(wú)一物”的路,就象征書(shū)中主人公痛苦的心。(ravaged:摧殘)。大軍過(guò)處,煙塵滾滾,軍隊(duì)走完,路上空空蕩蕩僅余落葉而已;今書(shū)中主人公百劫歸來(lái),憂患余生,心中除痛苦的回憶以外,萬(wàn)念全消,就像大軍走過(guò)后的那條公路。這種“隱痛”,最應(yīng)含蓄說(shuō)穿不得,說(shuō)穿了文章品格就低,就有傷感主義(sentimentalism)之嫌了。今海明威此句,粗看之似與感情無(wú)關(guān),只是風(fēng)景描寫(xiě),然實(shí)際上則包含無(wú)限隱痛。所以戈登女士說(shuō),A Farewell to Arms的“調(diào)子”,于第一段即貫穿全書(shū),而海明威于寫(xiě)作時(shí)所用的苦心,亦可想而知了。
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