William Saroyan (1908—1981)
威廉·薩洛揚美國小說家、劇作家,原為土耳其和俄羅斯交界地區(qū)亞美尼亞(Armenia)的移民。他的文字通俗,最善描摹小兒口吻,故事富于人情溫暖,很適宜于初學閱讀。本文采自1953年12月號的《家政雜志》(Good Housekeeping)。
First I would like to say to you, "Merry Christmas." It is like this—when I say it, I want it to mean what it means. Not just words under a picture on a card, dropped in the mailbox on the corner, or handing you something wrapped up in red paper which I have bought. I want it to say what it says, the way a child says it.
● I would like:有些文法書主張I should like才是合文法的,但是I would like現(xiàn)在很常用。大致正式論文演說用I should like為妥,普通說話寫信用I would like可以給人一種“熟不拘禮”的親切之感。
● Merry Christmas:Merry有尋歡作樂之意。說“Merry Christmas”即隱祝對方“玩得痛快”。Happy New Year的happy即不一定含有“熱鬧慶?!敝?。
● It is like this:事情是這樣的??谡Z常用。when I say it之it指Merry Christmas這兩個字人人會說,但是意義或不盡相同,作者所指的是它的真正的意義。
● 第三句不完全。說完全了大約是It does not mean just words….
● words:祝賀圣誕的文辭。a picture:圣誕卡上的圖畫,文辭通常印在它的下面。dropped(過去分詞):投寄(形容card)。corner:街道轉角處。handing(動名詞):親手交付。which I have bought為定語從句,形容something。圣誕卡上的套語,紅紙包扎的禮物,這些都不能代表Merry X'mas的真正意義。
● “the way…”在這里是習慣用法,很難分析它的文法構造,《簡明牛津字典》里有這么一個例子:
[I] don't like the way she smiles.(我不喜歡她笑的樣子。)
she smiles是“定語從句”,前面省略一個relative adverb "that"。同樣的用法如“The instant he saw me, he took to his heels”(他看見我就逃),he saw me的前面也省略一個“that”。但是這種句子的that通常都是省略的。
薩洛揚文里的句子同《簡明牛津字典》的例子又不一樣,在那例句里,the way是名詞;在本文中,the way a child says it的the way也是名詞,卻有副詞的功用,形容what it says中的動詞says。
名詞可以當副詞用嗎?可以,而且很普通,隨便舉兩個例子:
I go to school every morning.
She lives next door.
這兩句中的斜體字的用法,都和the way相仿。這種名詞是屬于“賓格”(objective or accusative case)的,因為兼有副詞的功用,文法家稱之為adverbial accusative.
Christmas is looked forward to by a child with even greater excitement than the excitement with which he looks forward to his own birthday, because Christmas is everybody's birthday, with the party going on all over the world. Christmas is to every child, in his own way, the wonder of the world and the light of life.
● 真能領略圣誕節(jié)的意義的是兒童。以下就詳述兒童心目中的圣誕節(jié)。
● 第一句相當長,但是層次清楚。because前面是主句,because后面是從句。
● 在主句里,把耶穌圣誕節(jié)拿來同兒童自己的生日相比。兒童過自己的生日,假如有得玩,有得吃,無不熱烈期待(look forward to)這個好日子的。但是他的期待圣誕節(jié),其興奮更甚于期待他自己的生日。這里很多字都是重復的,但是than之前用的是被動語態(tài),than之后用的是主動語態(tài),重復之中還是有變化。
● Christmas is everybody's birthday:耶穌圣誕節(jié)是每一個人的生日。這句話不一定含有宗教的意義,只是說耶穌圣誕節(jié)到處熱烈慶祝,好像人人都在過生日。the party:慶祝會。
● the wonder of the world and the light of life:都是些玄虛的字眼,但是讀者請不要往玄虛處去想,作者只是要強調小孩過圣誕節(jié)覺得熱鬧好玩(好像中國過舊歷年似的),這些玄虛的字眼無非都表示熱鬧好玩而已。小孩子對圣誕節(jié),有一種獨特看法(in his own way),他們把它看作“宇宙的奇觀,生命的光彩”。
Christmas is odors, brought in from the cold to the fire, a blend of perfume made of the scent of snow mingling with the scent of sanctity; of holly and fir mingling with the gifts of new clothes and new shoes; of Christmas candy and the bright, painted toys mingling with the unmistakable scent of happiness that comes out of people at Christmas, no matter how deeply it is buried.
● 以下分從“色、聲、香、味”入手,說明圣誕節(jié)的所以成為“奇妙光彩”之處。
● 先說香。作者不說“圣誕節(jié)的種種香味是多么的可愛”,他說“圣誕節(jié)就是種種香味”。這句話似嫌武斷,但是連以下幾段的sounds,tastes,sights一起看,圣誕節(jié)的可愛本來就在種種感覺上的享受,這樣的說法也許不算不倫不類吧?
● 事實上這一段所描寫的不盡是嗅覺,如from the cold的cold為觸覺,bright, painted toys的bright, painted為視覺,但是這些東西都有它們的香味,作者就抓住了這一點來描寫。假如讀者讀了這段文章,似乎鼻子里也嗅到這些圣誕節(jié)特有的香味,那么作者的寫法就成功了。
● 好的描寫文章是要叫讀者眼睛能看到,耳朵能聽到,鼻子能嗅到,嘴能嘗到。這就是所謂“具體描寫”。若要文章不空洞不浮泛,平日應多多注意“眼、耳、鼻、舌、身”的感覺經(jīng)驗。
● 圣誕節(jié)的香味一種是從外面來的:“從冷空氣里飄到火爐邊上,雪花的香和天地間圣潔(sanctity)之氣所混合而成的一種特別的香味。”perfume:香水,香味。blend:混合物。a blend of perfume:幾種香水配合而成的特別香水。這里當然是指特別的香氣。
● holly:冬青(葉厚角尖,紅果小圓如珠,多用于圣誕裝飾。按:好萊塢之“好萊”即由此得名)。fir:樅樹,想必就是供在屋內的圣誕樹。of holly與前面的of snow平行。
● unmistakable:不致被人誤認的,明明白白的。scent of happiness:快樂的氣氛。這個跟上面的scent of sanctity,其實都需要用內心去體會,與感官聲色之娛不同。但是作者認為這種圣潔肅穆之氣象和融融泄泄的快樂,都是可以用鼻子嗅得出來的。
● it is buried的it代表the scent of happiness。
Christmas is sounds—the talking and the laughing, the shouting and the singing of childhood's hymns—the tinkling of the music box, which says "Hosanna" in the child's language of gladness, no matter if it is only saying, "This is the way we wash our clothes, wash our clothes!" in English.
● 這一段講種種聲音。
● hymns:圣歌。tinkling:叮叮咚咚的聲音。music box:八音盒(開發(fā)條以后發(fā)出簡單的曲調聲音)。
● Hosanna:希伯來文頌贊上帝之聲。原意是“求主救苦救難”。
● This is the way we wash our clothes…:這是一支簡單的兒歌,小孩一面唱一面模仿洗衣服的動作。注意這里的the way同第一段里的the way可以相互參證。
● 兒童不知贊美上帝,但是他們心里的快樂,其實就是對于造物主的一種贊美。因此八音盒里所奏的雖然只是一支小小兒歌,事實上這就是贊美上帝的頌詞。
● in English和in the child's language of gladness前后對照。兒歌是用英文唱的,贊美上帝的頌詞是用哪一國話說的呢?兒童贊美上帝是在心里,八音盒所奏的音樂,是用兒童“心里的語言”來贊美上帝的。兒童心里,純然歡樂,所以說是“兒童心里歡樂的語言了”。
Christmas is tastes—the round, golden taste of the orange—the taste of the perfect sphere, which has hung among the green leaves in the warm sun. It is the red-and-white-striped taste of peppermint. It is the sharp, sweet juice of the apple from the toe of the stocking. Many tastes must blend to make the taste of Christmas.
● round, golden taste of the orange:圓是橙子的形狀,金黃是橙子的色澤,怎么橙子的味道成了round, golden taste呢?這樣把感覺印象錯綜的應用,近人作品(尤其是新詩)中例子很多,望讀者善加體會。
● the perfect sphere:圓滿的球形(這里把橙子當做一種幾何形體)。
● peppermint:薄荷糖。red-and-white-striped:紅條白條相間隔的(糖的形狀)。
● sharp:(味道)強烈的,辛辣的。這里作“蘋果原味極重的”解。toe襪子的尖頭部分。stocking:盛禮物的襪子。
Christmas is sights; who can tell of the sights of Christmas reflected in the eyes of a child?
● sights:所看到的東西,形形色色。tell of:描述。reflected:反映。圣誕節(jié)可看的東西太多,作者不一一列舉。
Christmas is being together—gathering together. You do not have to tell a child what this means, and at Christmas, if at no other time, all men are children.
● being together:闔家團圓。
● if at no other time:有些人主張大人和小孩本來沒有多少分別,這句話在平時是否恰當,姑且不論,至少到了圣誕節(jié),大人都成了小孩子了。
Because it is the child's day, the coming of Christmas up the white steps of December transforms mothers and fathers into the children they once were—until at last, on Christmas Eve, their caroling beside the tree is with the earnest voice of childhood. And the tears in their eyes are once again the tears caused by great expectations of wondrous things to come.
● Because:既然。
● the coming of Christmas up the white steps of December:作者把十二月比作一座白色的臺階,日子一天一天地過去,圣誕節(jié)一天一天接近,好像是圣誕節(jié)沿著臺階一步一步地走上來似的。這樣一個譬喻,放在詩里也許是“絕妙好辭”,放在這樣一篇散文里,是否妥當,請讀者自己評判。不過散文里亂用“詩的譬喻”(poetic images),是一種很危險的嘗試,至少初學者應該謹慎避免。
● transforms:使……變化;它的主語是coming。they once were:(定語從句)大人一度都曾經(jīng)是小孩子。圣誕節(jié)日益迫近,父親母親的心情都漸漸返老還童,到了圣誕前夕,變化已經(jīng)無可再變(until:至此為止),他們都成了小孩子;他們在圣誕樹邊上唱圣詩(caroling)的時候,就是用童年時候純真的歌喉來唱的。他們唱歌的時候眼睛里含著眼淚,他們熱烈地期待著神奇的事情發(fā)生,因此和童年時候一樣(once again),眼淚不得不流出來了。
If children could speak—or if anybody could—what would be said on Christmas Day would be the book that all books would be. But who can say, with words, what children feel, what Christmas means to them and to us? There are no words for it.
● speak:把心里的話講出來。if anybody could:誰真能把心里的話講出來呢?小孩固然不能,大人又何嘗能呢?could:違反事實的假定。
● what would be said on Christmas day:主語從句,主詞格,它的動詞是緊跟在它后面的would be。
● 圣誕節(jié)可說的話太多了,可講的道理太深了,這些話要是說出來,就可以成一部書,這部書可以把天下所有的書的道理統(tǒng)統(tǒng)包括在內?!皌hat all books would be”的that代替the book,all books恐怕是補足語(subjective complement),放在動詞的前面,“這部書將要成為天下所有的書”。
And yet children say it all—with meaning straight and clear—when they say only, "Merry Christmas."
● 圣誕節(jié)的意義沒有人說得上來,但是小孩子說“Merry Christmas”的時候,就把它的意義直截了當清清楚楚地說出來了。
● children say it all的it代替上一段“what children feel, what Christmas means…”。And yet children say it all:小孩子把這意思完全表達出來了。
And so, as one of them, and one of you, one of us, helpless with the clumsy words, I say to them and to you: "Merry Christmas." I say it as a child says it.
● as=in the character of(以這樣一個人的身份)。
● them:小孩。you:大人。us:大人小孩算在一起——咱們統(tǒng)統(tǒng)都是辭不達意的。clumsy:笨拙的。helpless:沒有辦法的。
● I say it as a child says it:呼應首段。