Catherine Drinker Bowen (1897—1973)
本文作者波文為美國(guó)著名傳記作家,所著以Yankee from Olympus, A Biography of Oliver Wendell Holmes最為世所傳誦。本文原題“Discipline and Reward: A Writer's Life”,刊于1957年《大西洋月刊》12月號(hào)。文中所述作家生活之甘苦,凡曾經(jīng)用心寫(xiě)過(guò)文章的人,想必都有同感。本文風(fēng)格近乎美國(guó)口語(yǔ),很少經(jīng)營(yíng)刻劃的痕跡。
In 1920, I sold my first piece to a magazine. I have been writing fairly steadily ever since. And fairly steadily I have been asked the same questions:
Do you write at regular intervals, or do you wait for inspiration?
How do you manage with children, husband, household, and find time to write?
● piece:一篇文章。sold:投稿錄取。
● fairly:相當(dāng);steadily:不停地,不懈地。第二句的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)have been writing表示寫(xiě)作已有數(shù)十年歷史,現(xiàn)在還是在寫(xiě);這可以說(shuō)是完成進(jìn)行式的典型的例子。
● 第三句把第二句的兩個(gè)副詞重復(fù)地用。所不同者:第二句中,副詞放在動(dòng)詞之后;第三句中,副詞放在主語(yǔ)之前。這樣用法使前后兩句連接得很穩(wěn)。
● at regular intervals:經(jīng)常的間隔(如一天工作幾小時(shí),一星期工作幾天等)。這句用現(xiàn)在式,表示習(xí)慣如此。
● manage在這里是不及物動(dòng)詞,《簡(jiǎn)明牛津字典》解作:succeed in one's aims(實(shí)現(xiàn)你寫(xiě)作的愿望,同時(shí)還得對(duì)付[manage with]家務(wù))。
Now, in answering these questions I shall go beyond them to talk about discipline, about the rewards and sacrifices of a writer's life. I shall speak out of my own experience, though I have no way of knowing if my experience will prove of value to anyone besides myself.
● go beyond them:超過(guò)這兩個(gè)問(wèn)題的范圍。go這個(gè)字應(yīng)用很廣,在這個(gè)場(chǎng)合,中國(guó)學(xué)生大致想不到用go字的。discipline:紀(jì)律,自律(想做的事不許做,不愿做的事偏該做)。
● rewards and sacrifices:報(bào)酬與犧牲,甘苦。about重復(fù)地用,也是使語(yǔ)氣通暢的一法。about后面,如有三個(gè)賓語(yǔ),讀起來(lái)難免氣急辭促之弊,這里about discipline兩個(gè)字自成一段落,讀文至此換一口氣,換氣之后再讀about the…,豈不是語(yǔ)氣就通暢了嗎?
● out of my own experience:從我自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)里面。no way of knowing:無(wú)法知道。if=whether。of value:有價(jià)值。
That is the risk I take: the risk of boring my audience, the risk of ridicule from overexposure of the person. This is the risk we all take when we walk on stage, or send our painting to be exhibited, our manuscript to a publisher: the risk of public exposure. It is no small thing, the incurrence of this risk, and it runs from beginning to end of a writer's life. After thirty-five years of writing for publication, I suffer from it more than I did in the beginning. As one gains in reputation, the risk becomes somehow larger, or one thinks it does. Consciousness of it generally strikes in the night when one wakes. Actual physical sweating takes place, loud moans are rendered, and the question is put, "Why in God's name did one undertake such a venture, such a presumptuous, enormous, unlikely book? Why can't one be content to live an anonymous, respectable life?"
● take the risk:冒險(xiǎn)(I take是定語(yǔ)從句)。risk重復(fù)地用,也是使語(yǔ)氣通暢之一法。本文原為一篇演講稿,起稿時(shí)當(dāng)把聽(tīng)眾存在心頭。risk重復(fù)地用,節(jié)奏分明,容易喚起讀者的注意。
● 第一句說(shuō)的是:我自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn),別人也許聽(tīng)了不感興趣,我就冒了一個(gè)使聽(tīng)眾生厭(boring)之險(xiǎn);我把自己的私人生活(或意見(jiàn))過(guò)分在人前暴露(overexposure),也就冒了一個(gè)惹人嘲笑(ridicule:這里是名詞)之險(xiǎn)。
● 第二句把第一句的意思作更進(jìn)一層的發(fā)揮。不但是我討論自己的寫(xiě)作經(jīng)驗(yàn),是冒了“拋頭露面”(public exposure)之險(xiǎn),其他一切藝術(shù)活動(dòng)如登臺(tái)演戲、圖畫(huà)展覽、投稿賣(mài)文又何獨(dú)不然?
● incurrence的動(dòng)詞形式是incur:招惹。這一句用了一個(gè)expletive "it"做主語(yǔ),it就是下面的incurrence。所以如此說(shuō)法,也是為了要語(yǔ)氣通暢平易近人之故。如易成The incurrence of this risk is no small thing,讀起來(lái)就較為莊重;而且開(kāi)頭用了incurrcnce這種書(shū)卷氣的字,后面no small thing這樣平凡的字跟上去就有點(diǎn)不配了。照現(xiàn)在這樣用法,主語(yǔ)是It,incurrence云云只是陪襯,讀起來(lái)比較輕松。
● runs:請(qǐng)參考前面我所說(shuō)關(guān)于go字的一點(diǎn)意見(jiàn)。人一做作家,就有這種危險(xiǎn),到停止創(chuàng)作擱筆不寫(xiě)時(shí)為止。
● writing for publication:寫(xiě)文章不是為了自己怡情悅性之用,而是為了發(fā)表。more than I did:初發(fā)表文章時(shí),固然怕出丑露乖,現(xiàn)在比過(guò)去更怕了。
● gains in reputation:聲名日盛。這句主語(yǔ)改用one(不用I),表示是一般情形。one thinks it does=one thinks the risk becomes larger。名作家出丑的危險(xiǎn)不一定更大,但他自以為危險(xiǎn)很大。盛名之累,不得不更兢業(yè)從事。
● Consciousness:覺(jué)得(自己在冒出丑之險(xiǎn))。strikes:這個(gè)字可以易以別個(gè)動(dòng)詞(如happens),但是strikes較有力量。充分表示:作者想到自己萬(wàn)一寫(xiě)糟了那時(shí)的惶恐情形。in the night when one wakes:午夜夢(mèng)回之時(shí)。
● sweating:出汗。嚇得一身冷汗不是過(guò)甚其辭的說(shuō)法,是實(shí)實(shí)在在身體上出汗。takes place:發(fā)生。中國(guó)人說(shuō)英文,很難做出sweating takes place這樣的句子,我們很可能說(shuō)one sweats這樣的話。把動(dòng)詞sweat,化成動(dòng)名詞sweating,然后再找一個(gè)動(dòng)詞來(lái)配合成一個(gè)句子——這一點(diǎn)是和中國(guó)人思想習(xí)慣不合的。
● rendered:發(fā)出。the question is put:自己?jiǎn)栕约?。in God's name:只是為加重語(yǔ)氣之用。venture:帶點(diǎn)冒險(xiǎn)性的嘗試,成敗難測(cè)的事情。presumptuous:自以為了不起的。unlikely:不可能寫(xiě)得好的。
● anonymous:沒(méi)沒(méi)無(wú)聞的。respectable:令人尊敬的。這個(gè)字本來(lái)的含意是好的,但是現(xiàn)代英文中,這個(gè)字含有一點(diǎn)不好的意思:指的是不求真正的善,只是表面上的規(guī)規(guī)矩矩,奉公守法。
Well, I can't. And neither can anyone who intends to write. Perhaps this fear of the public is healthy. I think I like writers to be afraid. They can show their fear by a noble defiance in their work or by a beguiling charm and grace in seeking to win their public. At least fearful ones are not writing for themselves alone. They are seeking to communicate, and their fear is their proof of it.
● can't:不能安分守己沒(méi)沒(méi)無(wú)聞地做人。neither can:重復(fù)can't。
● fear of the public:怕群眾的指責(zé)。healthy:健康的;這種心理是有益的。
● I like writers to be afraid:我喜歡作家有這種“畏人言”的心理。
● noble defiance:昂然不顧的態(tài)度。故意標(biāo)新立異,不投阿時(shí)好——抱這種態(tài)度的人,心里面明明有一個(gè)對(duì)象在。beguiling:討人喜歡的。
● At least補(bǔ)充前面的healthy一字:至少這一點(diǎn)是有益的。fearful ones:心存恐懼的作家們。
● communicate:表達(dá),有話說(shuō)給人聽(tīng)。proof:證明作家不是在“自說(shuō)自話”,寫(xiě)作確是有對(duì)象的。
Nevertheless this fear is something to wrestle with, especially in the beginning, at the outset of a career. Women writers are notably tender in this regard, possibly because women are trained, from the cradle, to please. It is the quite practical business of women to please. One way or another, most of us women get our living by it.
● to wrestle with:與之搏斗,力求解決。at the outset:意即in the beginning。
● tender:敏感。notably:可以叫人特別注意地。in this regard:在這一點(diǎn)上。
● from the cradle:從搖籃時(shí)開(kāi)始。to please:此處用作不及物動(dòng)詞。婦女有討人喜歡的習(xí)慣;女作家的文章也特別地要使讀者讀來(lái)感到舒服。
● one way or another:方法不一。by it:使別人喜歡。
Oh no, Mrs. Bowen, young women writers say to me. "Oh no! I mustn't write that scene. I couldn't put it on paper as I have just told it to you. I can't describe that child, that man, that mother, in such terms!"
The writer, I maintain, cannot afford such reservations. He must find a technique that will let him describe anybody, anything, any situation—a technique that will permit him to use all his experience of living, tragic, comic, embarrassing, cruel, beautiful.
● young women writers:年輕的女作家。
● scene:場(chǎng)景。劇本里的一個(gè)小段落稱(chēng)為場(chǎng)景(大段落是幕:act),通常借用作文章里寫(xiě)得生動(dòng)的一節(jié);有景物,有人物,有動(dòng)作,有對(duì)白;其有聲有色猶如舞臺(tái)上的一個(gè)“場(chǎng)景”。
● couldn't:此字含有輕微的假定語(yǔ)氣——即使我要寫(xiě),我也不能這樣寫(xiě)。平常說(shuō)話中,I couldn't是常聽(tīng)得到的。指的是這件事我非但不能做,而且也不“會(huì)”去做的。I can't則單指:我沒(méi)有這種能力。
● told:青年作家同前輩作家在討論寫(xiě)作的問(wèn)題。談話的前一段是給作者省略了。我們可以想象:青年作家嘴里在講一段事情給前輩作家聽(tīng),但覺(jué)得有些顧忌,不能把它寫(xiě)下來(lái),前輩作家則勸她寫(xiě)下來(lái)。
● in such terms:用這種話。
● maintain:主張。reservations:保留。我說(shuō)“我什么都會(huì)”,這句話就是“沒(méi)有保留”;我承認(rèn)我有些事情能做,有些事情不能做,這就是“保留”。
● can afford:能夠負(fù)擔(dān),而不致吃虧。cannot afford such reservations:作家假如有這種保留,他就不成其為作家了。
● technique:技巧。這字重復(fù)地用,充分表示寫(xiě)作技巧的重要。在表達(dá)一方面,作家應(yīng)該能夠描寫(xiě)任何人物、任何事物、任何情境;在做人一方面,作家有了某種技巧,才能利用他所有的人生經(jīng)驗(yàn):悲劇的,喜劇的,令人窘迫的,殘酷的,或是美麗的。
Few writers are born with this technique. They must search until they find it. The search, if it teaches nothing else, in the end will teach them to know themselves. Actually it is a little difficult to separate the techniques of writing from the techniques of living—which is another way of saying the style is the man. I have no patience with that view of writing—a quite prevalent view—which looks on style as a trick and on the great techniques of writing as a bag of tricks. I have heard people say to a writer, "Ah, but you could describe that man! I envy you. You could tell that incident as it really happened. You have the gift of words."
● 這種技巧,不是生而致之,而是學(xué)而致之。Few:可以說(shuō)是“絕無(wú)僅有”。
● search:尋覓(即學(xué)習(xí))。find:尋得。search先用作動(dòng)詞,后用作名詞。作家努力學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)作技巧,這種努力可使他很得益;別種得益且不必說(shuō)(if it teaches nothing else),作家至少因此可以了解自己。寫(xiě)作技巧和做人有什么關(guān)系呢?這就是本文所要闡明的。
● the style is the man:文如其人,這是法國(guó)批評(píng)家Buffon(1707—1788)的名言。本文作者說(shuō):作文技巧和生活技巧頗難分隔(二者頗有牽連),這就是Buffon名言的另一種說(shuō)法了。
● have no patience with:不能忍受,聽(tīng)不入耳。prevalent:流行很廣的。style:文章風(fēng)格。trick:小手法,雕蟲(chóng)小技。bag of tricks:一大堆小玩意兒。
● you字兩次重讀,表示一般人對(duì)于作家描寫(xiě)能力的羨慕。
● describe that man:作家所寫(xiě)書(shū)中的某一個(gè)人物。that incident:書(shū)中某一件事。
● gift:天賦能力。
These people seldom tell a writer, "You have this gift of perception, this passionate concern with life and living, that enables you, or compels you, to watch and learn."
● 一般人只知道欣賞作家的天才,誰(shuí)能了解作家的苦心孤詣呢?因此他們不會(huì)說(shuō)出正確的贊美的話。
● 正確的贊美的話該怎么說(shuō)呢?我們得承認(rèn)作家有洞燭事物的能力(gift of perception),作家對(duì)于生活中的萬(wàn)事萬(wàn)物有強(qiáng)烈的關(guān)切(passionate concern),這種能力或關(guān)切使得作家觀察人生,向人生學(xué)習(xí)。
● 說(shuō)“使得”恐怕還太輕,我們應(yīng)該說(shuō)“迫得”(compels)。作家所以肯細(xì)心觀察學(xué)習(xí),實(shí)在受本性所驅(qū)使,不得不然。
● life and living:life是大事情,living是小事情。人的生命全部是life。他要做人(to live)就得做很多事情(如吃飯、穿衣、賺錢(qián)),這些事情就是living。
Writing, I think, is not apart from living. Writing is a kind of double living. The writer experiences everything twice. Once in reality and once in that mirror which waits always before or behind him.
● 寫(xiě)作與生活不可分。double living:雙重生活。作家和普通人不一樣;普通人只生活一次,作家要生活兩次。一次是真實(shí)的生活;一次是拿生活作為材料,從事回憶、考驗(yàn)、分析、綜合、研究和寫(xiě)作。
● 作家的身前或身后,總有一面鏡子在侍候著他。他在這面鏡子里,把自己的生活再過(guò)一次。例如逃難:普通人逃難逃過(guò)就算了,作家要拿逃難的經(jīng)驗(yàn),仔細(xì)地思索,作為他寫(xiě)作的材料,充實(shí)他寫(xiě)作的(同時(shí)也是生命的)內(nèi)容。
I maintain that this double living, these hours and scenes twice experienced, make up the inevitable sign of the natural-born writer. There is a compulsion to relive everything, repeat conversation to oneself, mimic a speaker's accent, tone of voice, gesture, as carefully as if one were rehearsing to do it before an audience. It is an odd practice and serves no immediate purpose, certainly. I sometimes think it derives from sheer love of life, or infatuation with life, even the parts of life that we hate and fear. The practice takes its toll, also, in fatigue, a peculiar exhaustion. A double life is a double burden.
● these hours and scenes twice experienced與this double living是同位語(yǔ):人生中有些時(shí)刻,有些景象,人是要經(jīng)驗(yàn)兩次的(經(jīng)驗(yàn)一次之后,還要加以玩味)。
● make up:造成(部分造成整體)。動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,值得注意。很明顯的,make是跟靠近的hours and scenes,而不是跟較遠(yuǎn)的living的。inevitable:不可避免的,非有不可的。sign:表記,特征。natural-born writer:有寫(xiě)作天才的人。
● a compulsion to relive everything:把任何東西生活兩次的沖動(dòng)。repeat是和relive平行的,前面的to省掉了。mimic(模仿)也是和它平行的。
● 把聽(tīng)來(lái)的談話,在心里(然后在筆底下)重演一次;某一個(gè)人說(shuō)話時(shí)候的(原文作:一個(gè)說(shuō)話人的)特殊的腔調(diào)、聲調(diào)、姿勢(shì),私下細(xì)心模仿,好像練好了(rehearsing:正式公演前的預(yù)演)要演給人(audience)看似的。
● 如此做法(practice)無(wú)疑是很奇怪(odd)的,而且沒(méi)有直接(immediate)的好處。
● it derives from:如此做法的來(lái)源是,對(duì)于人生純粹(sheer)的愛(ài),或者說(shuō)是,對(duì)于人生的著迷。
● 前面說(shuō)過(guò),人生的經(jīng)驗(yàn)有tragic,comic……等多種。天生的作家愛(ài)人生,迷戀人生,不單是人生中的可喜可愛(ài)的部分而已,人生中有令人憎恨害怕的部分,作家們對(duì)此也依戀不舍。(如前舉的逃難的例子;又如小時(shí)候給老師打手心。)
● also:非但沒(méi)有用處(serves no purpose),而且有害處。
● takes its toll:叫人付出代價(jià)。這種代價(jià)是疲乏,一種特殊的心力交瘁(exhaustion)之感。人生本是負(fù)擔(dān),雙重生活豈不是雙重負(fù)擔(dān)嗎?
● 前面都用double living講的是作家的“生活方式”,是動(dòng)的。這里用double life是概括地講一種生活,是靜的(把流動(dòng)的生命當(dāng)作一個(gè)整體看),因此可以壓在人的身上。
However, I happen to think a writer's life is the most privileged there is in our society. It is a life exciting, varied. If success comes, it is a life that lends itself to expansion both materially and spiritually. Expansion, surely, is what counts. Expansion is the prize of life. And, as with all of the best things in this world, the writer pays for that prize every inch of the way. Let us say he pays by the establishment and acceptance of certain disciplines, more rigorous than the disciplines that other people follow. I will try to destribe them.
● 作家的憂患?xì)g樂(lè),都比人多一倍。作家的精力支出,也比別人多。做作家該是苦事了??墒俏仪∏桑╤appen to think)有一種想法:作家的生活是現(xiàn)社會(huì)所有的各種生活之中,最為幸運(yùn)的(privileged:享有特權(quán)的)。there is前面省了個(gè)關(guān)系代名詞that。
● exciting:令人興奮的。varied:多變化的,多彩多姿的。這兩個(gè)形容詞放在名詞后面,重心就落在這兩個(gè)形容詞上,句子讀起來(lái)有勁。如把形容詞放在名詞前面,這一句讀起來(lái)便松。而且主語(yǔ)It就是a writer's life,這個(gè)字和表語(yǔ)a life,靠得很近,連接得很牢,好像成了That life is a life一般,這樣句法自然緊湊。如在a與life之間,放了兩個(gè)形容詞,句子就松了。
● If success comes:一旦寫(xiě)作成功。
● it is a life再出現(xiàn)一次,不過(guò)這里life后面跟的是定語(yǔ)從句。lends itself to:把自己出讓?zhuān)炎约航煌薪o,使自己能夠適合于擴(kuò)張。both materially and spiritually:物質(zhì)精神雙方。
● what counts(表語(yǔ)從句):人生有價(jià)值的東西。count(不及物動(dòng)詞):有價(jià)值,或能發(fā)生作用。
● prize:獎(jiǎng)品。(生命的)擴(kuò)張是寶貴的。何謂生命的擴(kuò)張,作者這里似乎交待得不夠清楚。但是讀者不妨想象一個(gè)成功的作家過(guò)的是什么樣的生活。
● as with all:就跟世界上一切(最好東西)一樣,沒(méi)有不勞而獲的。pays for:得到這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)品是付了代價(jià)的。every inch of the way:這五個(gè)字是adverbial phrase(前面無(wú)需介詞,和every morning之為adverbial phrase一樣)。賽跑得獎(jiǎng),每一英寸都是用力跑出來(lái)的。
● pays兩次都是不及物動(dòng)詞:付代價(jià)。作家的生活,最后假如能夠得到什么“擴(kuò)張”的酬報(bào),作家需付出的代價(jià)是:建立并接受某種紀(jì)律,這種紀(jì)律比別種人(并非作家)所守(follow)的紀(jì)律,更要嚴(yán)格。
● 作家要服從什么嚴(yán)格的紀(jì)律呢?且聽(tīng)我一一道來(lái)。
There is a channel down which your work pours. That channel must be kept clear, free-running. At all costs it must be so kept. Pain does not clog it, nor misfortune.
● channel:水流之道。pours:如水一般地傾瀉而下。本文作者并不主張文章應(yīng)該“不加點(diǎn)竄,一氣呵成”。一本大書(shū),可能經(jīng)年累月,始能竣工。可是在這許多年月之中,作家不可讓雜務(wù)分心;宜專(zhuān)心一致,把全副精神放到寫(xiě)作里去。如此文思暢達(dá),文章亦如長(zhǎng)江大河,滔滔不絕,往前直流。
● clear:沒(méi)有阻礙。不要讓石塊污泥來(lái)阻礙水的行進(jìn)。
● At all costs:不惜任何代價(jià)。so即是clear, free-running。
● Pain:人生的病痛;甚至是因?qū)懽饔媚X過(guò)度而產(chǎn)生的病痛。clog:阻塞。人生有病痛,有不幸之事,但是作家能忍受,決不讓這些事阻斷他寫(xiě)作。孟子曰:“原泉混混,不舍晝夜,盈科而后進(jìn),放乎四海?!边@句話送給作家也是合適的。
What clogs the channel is laziness, inattention, timidity, the propensity to lie to oneself, to avoid looking straight at a situation—perhaps at the situation of your own work, the story or chapter you have just finished or thought you had finished. The most scrupulous honesty is necessary, in a writer. To know what one is doing, to ask oneself from time to time, Why am I writing this book? Whom am I trying to reach with my messsage, and have I message? (You have, or you shouldn't be writing.) By a message I do not mean a moral. I mean a central idea which caused you to write your piece in the first place. Or your story, or your book, or any particular chapter in your book.
● 寫(xiě)作的阻礙是:一、懶惰;二、注意力不夠,不用心;三、膽怯(難寫(xiě)的怕寫(xiě),不合一般趣味的不敢寫(xiě));四、……。
● propensity:傾向。to lie:說(shuō)謊。作家對(duì)自己說(shuō)謊,那么不真實(shí)的描寫(xiě),不是由衷而發(fā)的意見(jiàn)都可以隨隨便便寫(xiě)出來(lái)了。
● looking straight at a situation:正視某一情境?!罢暋本褪前岩粋€(gè)情境仔細(xì)研究過(guò),仔細(xì)想過(guò),不歪曲,不掩飾,不畏懼,不加以美化。
● 有些情境是你還沒(méi)有寫(xiě)的,有些情境是你已經(jīng)寫(xiě)過(guò)的。假如你草草了事,就算寫(xiě)好,那么你寫(xiě)作之“流”,就算給阻塞住了。
● story:?jiǎn)为?dú)的一篇故事。chapter:書(shū)里的一章。thought:你自以為已經(jīng)寫(xiě)好(但事實(shí)上可以修改之處很多)。
● scrupulous:多所顧忌,小心翼翼。honesty:隨時(shí)責(zé)問(wèn)自己,我有沒(méi)有據(jù)實(shí)寫(xiě)下?我有沒(méi)有敷衍塞責(zé)?假如能夠“不自欺”,就是“誠(chéng)實(shí)”。
● To know:此系不完全句子。To know與to ask恐系說(shuō)明honesty者。
● reach:送達(dá);說(shuō)給誰(shuí)聽(tīng)?message:使命,道理。
● 括弧里面的話,是作者代你答復(fù)。你自己?jiǎn)栕约海何矣袥](méi)有什么要緊的話要對(duì)人說(shuō)呢?代答:有的;否則你也不會(huì)寫(xiě)作了。be writing:?jiǎn)栐挼臅r(shí)候,你“正”在寫(xiě)作,故用進(jìn)行式。
● By A I mean B:我所說(shuō)的A,意思就是B。這種句法,是常??梢钥匆?jiàn)的。這里message一字,意義欠明。作者作進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明。她說(shuō)她用這個(gè)字,并不是指的moral。moral在這里是名詞,解作“寓意,教訓(xùn)”?!兑了髟⒀浴酚诿縿t故事終了,必列一行moral,說(shuō)明本故事用意是勸人如何如何。近代人的寫(xiě)作,不可能有如此淺顯之寓意,所以這里的message并不是指moral。
● 可是你在寫(xiě)作之初,必有一中心思想;你一開(kāi)頭(in the first place)所以要寫(xiě)這篇東西(piece)(或某篇故事,或某一本書(shū),或書(shū)里的某一章),就是受這個(gè)中心思想的驅(qū)使的。
I am trying to say that your central idea need not be noble. It can be frivolous or shabby. But it must be looked at honestly by the writer. There can be no cessation, during composition, of this honesty of purpose. No cessation of caring. No slacking of this high wire on which you have elected to dance. No turning to easier, less hazardous matters.
● 話愈說(shuō)愈多了,我所想要說(shuō)明的,就是你的中心思想不一定是要高貴的(不一定要冠冕堂皇)。
● frivolous:沒(méi)有什么了不起的(并不高明偉大)。shabby:陳舊的,(并無(wú)新意)??墒亲骷乙欢ㄒ\(chéng)實(shí)地正視這個(gè)思想。
● during composition:在寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程中。no cessation of this honesty of purpose:一心一意地把握住你的宗旨。cessation:停止。后面跟著No開(kāi)頭的三句,都是不完全的句子,句首There can be都省掉了。作者喜用不完全句子,大約是模仿口語(yǔ)之故。四句平行式的句子,也可以使語(yǔ)氣通順。
● caring:用心。
● slacking:放松。high wire:高架鋼絲。elected:挑選。你既然選中了要在鋼絲上跳舞,那么鋼絲不可放松。寫(xiě)作之難,可以和走鋼絲相比。因?yàn)殇摻z既不可松,腳步尤其錯(cuò)亂不得也。
● turning to:改寫(xiě)。less hazardous:危險(xiǎn)性較少的東西。文章往往寫(xiě)到中途寫(xiě)不下去了,那時(shí)一定要“不背初衷”,堅(jiān)持寫(xiě)下去,不可馬虎了事。至于寫(xiě)作之所以有危險(xiǎn)性者,大約是因?yàn)橛行〇|西很難寫(xiě),不用心寫(xiě)就有“寫(xiě)壞”的危險(xiǎn)。
The writer is in the position of a person who has accepted a grave responsibility, a task that is within his powers—his best powers—and which he has dedicated himself to accomplish. It means that the writer must live, during working hours, at the peak of his capacity. If one's best hours, best productive hours, are, say, four out of the twenty-four, it means that the other twenty hours must be ordered to this effect.
● in the position of a person:作家所處的立場(chǎng)是同于這一種人的。他好像是擔(dān)任下來(lái)一項(xiàng)重大的責(zé)任(簡(jiǎn)直可以和負(fù)守土衛(wèi)民之責(zé)的軍人相比;本文用discipline處很多,本來(lái)軍人才有紀(jì)律,文人談什么紀(jì)律呢?),他的任務(wù)按照他的能力是可以完成的(within),但是他得把全身本事(his best powers)都拿出來(lái)。
● dedicated himself:奉獻(xiàn)自己;獻(xiàn)身。accomplish:完成。
● during working hours:在寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候。live…at the peak of his capacity:(緊張地)生活,把自己的能力發(fā)揮到最高點(diǎn)。
● best productive hours:文思最靈敏,寫(xiě)作效率最高的時(shí)候。一天有二十四小時(shí),但是真能用以寫(xiě)作的時(shí)間只有四小時(shí)(say:不妨如此假定)。另外二十小時(shí),就要好好安排(ordered),使得這四個(gè)小時(shí)可以發(fā)揮作用(如何安排,下文要說(shuō)明)。
Such a discipline can be extremely irksome over a long period of time, the more so as it is self-imposed and can be so readily broken. Irksome is too weak a word, if the job is a long one—say, five or six years. Painful describes this discipline more exactly. Anxiety goes along with it, anxiety lest you break rhythm and the momentum be lost.
● irksome:令人心煩的,傷腦筋的。the more so as…:因?yàn)槿绾稳绾?,所以更是如此(令人心煩)。(這一種句法是很常用的。)
● self-imposed:這種紀(jì)律是自己約束自己的,隨時(shí)(so readily:多么容易地)可以破壞。自找麻煩,所以更為難受。
● 一本書(shū)有時(shí)要五六年才寫(xiě)得完,那時(shí)的苦不是irksome所能表示,只好說(shuō)是painful了。痛苦之外,更有anxiety(憂慮;原文作:憂慮跟著這種紀(jì)律一起來(lái)的)。
● rhythm:節(jié)奏。每天寫(xiě)三五百字,成了習(xí)慣,生活好像有了“拍子”。幾天不寫(xiě),拍子就斷掉了。momentum:(物理學(xué)中的)動(dòng)量;沖勁,勢(shì)頭。寫(xiě)文章有一股勁,隔了一個(gè)時(shí)候不寫(xiě),這股勁就沒(méi)有了。作家一面以紀(jì)律約束自己,一面又擔(dān)心文章脫了節(jié),泄了氣。
● lest是連詞:唯恐;所怕的是。break和be,都是虛擬式。你所擔(dān)憂的事尚未發(fā)生,而且不一定發(fā)生,所以要用虛擬式。普通語(yǔ)法書(shū)里規(guī)定:lest后面要用should(即should break),這里沒(méi)有用。不用should,單用虛擬式動(dòng)詞也可以。
If you are a morning worker, with your best hours from, say, nine to one, your afternoons will have to be devoted to outdoor exercises, neglected housework if you are a wife, the tender loving care and feeding of family or whatever is necessary to make daily life go on, clearing the decks for tomorrow morning and keeping you in top health besides.
● morning worker:早晨工作的人。前面說(shuō)過(guò)best productive hours。有些人適宜于早晨工作,有些人適宜于晚上工作,今以早晨工作的人為例。
● will have to be:這里的will不含“將來(lái)”的意思。在“條件句子”里,前面“if”clause假如用現(xiàn)在式,后面的主句通常用將來(lái)式。這是習(xí)慣用法如此,那個(gè)將來(lái)式僅是表示“猜測(cè)”,并不表示“將來(lái)”。have to be:不得不。devoted to:奉獻(xiàn)給。下面跟五樣?xùn)|西。
1. outdoor exercises:戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)。作家為保持身心康健計(jì),也該鍛煉身體。
2. 受到忽略了的家務(wù)(假如你是個(gè)主婦)。
3. 照顧子女等等。
4. 這是個(gè)暗喻:“清除甲板”是海軍作戰(zhàn)前的準(zhǔn)備。作家為明天早晨的工作,此時(shí)亦可稍事準(zhǔn)備,如買(mǎi)稿紙、墨水,整理書(shū)桌等。
5. 保持自己的康健(睡個(gè)午睡亦自不妨)。top是形容詞:上好的;“巔峰狀態(tài)”。
When five P. M. comes, if you are a biographer or historian you will have to stop what you are doing with fly screens or hemlines and begin reading for tomorrow's writing or for next week's or next month's writing, depending upon how you plan your research for a long book. With a pencil in hand, making notes or marking passages, you will read on and off until ten o'clock, when you go to bed. I myself usually climb in bed with my notes in hand for tomorrow's start, read them over casually, trying not to think, and turn out the light. I am a firm believer in the action of the subconscious during sleep. At supper or dinner that evening, you have not overeaten because it would disturb your sleep, and you know from experience that eight hours of sleep are necessary to put you through a morning's work, though you know also, from experience, that you can afford to miss one night's sleep occasionally. But not two nights, unless you are prepared to sacrifice your work on the third morning.
● 本段第一句的will,意義同上段。fly screens:防蒼蠅的紗窗。hemlines:衣服的鑲邊。下午你本來(lái)在裝紗窗,或者做各種家庭雜務(wù)。到五點(diǎn)鐘,你應(yīng)該開(kāi)始讀書(shū)。(假如你所寫(xiě)的是傳記或歷史;其實(shí)寫(xiě)小說(shuō)的人,暇時(shí)也該拿名著小說(shuō)一讀,讀寫(xiě)并進(jìn),是有助于靈感的啟發(fā)的。)
● depending upon:你所準(zhǔn)備的是明天的,或是下星期的,或是下個(gè)月的寫(xiě)作,究竟是明天的還是下個(gè)月的,就看(“倚靠”)你寫(xiě)這部長(zhǎng)書(shū)的時(shí)候,如何計(jì)劃你的研究工作了。
● marking passages:在書(shū)中某幾段文章上做記號(hào)。read on and off:斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地讀。when you go to bed:“那個(gè)時(shí)候”,你上床睡覺(jué)了。這種補(bǔ)充用的定語(yǔ)從句(non-restrictive clause),中國(guó)學(xué)生不大會(huì)用。文章如求松散自然,這一種的用法是值得模仿的。
● climb in bed:前面剛說(shuō)go to bed,這里不好再說(shuō)go to bed了。又,go to bed并不含有多少“動(dòng)作”的意義,climb in bed才是真正的動(dòng)作。casually:隨隨便便地。turn out the light:關(guān)掉電燈。
● the action of the subconscious:潛意識(shí)的作用。上床前不用腦筋思想,因?yàn)樗煲院?,潛意識(shí)也會(huì)替你“思想”?!办`感”之來(lái),人莫能測(cè)。但是神經(jīng)如果放松,優(yōu)游自得,靈感可能不召自來(lái)。
● disturb your sleep:晚飯多吃,有妨睡眠。睡眠不好,第二天寫(xiě)文章就沒(méi)有精神。
● miss one night's sleep:偶然一晚上失眠,也無(wú)大害。
● But not two nights:這是不完全句子。全文是:You cannot afford missing two nights' sleep.
Long ago, when I was in my twenties, I came across an awe-inspiring saying, in French: "If you abandon art for one day, she will abandon you for three."
● In my twenties:我二十幾歲的時(shí)候。came across:遇見(jiàn);讀到(這么一句使人肅然起敬的話,原文是法文)。
● 這句話是:你假如把藝術(shù)擱置一天,她就會(huì)把你丟棄三天。意思同中文格言“一曝十寒”,“拳不離手,曲不離口”相仿。
● art這里是“人格化”了,故代名詞用she。通常英文里是用it來(lái)代替art的。
It is true. It is all too lamentably true. Even with Friday's notes sitting on your table staring you in the face—a map to guide you into Saturday's territory—even then, if you skip Saturday's work, on Sunday those selfsame notes will likely have gone dead. They will sit there, avoiding your eye. No message comes up; they are cold script. If Saturday's interruption has been forced from outside, something I could not help, like going to the oculist, I work every bit as well next day. Probably because I have sat in the oculist's office raging and impatient, with my chapter never out of mind. On the other hand if I succumb to invitation and go out to lunch, an interesting lunch on a working day, I am ruined. Or even an interesting dinner, which should not, practically speaking, interfere with morning working hours at all! But a dinner party means what shall one wear, or going to the hairdresser, or even looking in the shops for a new dress, and this is fatally distracting. Giving a party is the finish, in my judgment, to several days' work.
● all too lamentably:太使人悲哀了。假如作家能夠馬馬虎虎,高興寫(xiě)就寫(xiě),做人豈不是可以快樂(lè)得多?但是寫(xiě)作這個(gè)東西,是一天也不能擱的。前面一句格言既是真話,作家就苦了。
● Friday:隨便舉一天。notes:星期五下午所做的筆記,應(yīng)該是供星期六早晨寫(xiě)作之用的。但是假如星期六你沒(méi)有寫(xiě)(skip:跳過(guò)),星期天早晨再寫(xiě),那些筆記可能對(duì)你就毫無(wú)意義了(will likely have gone dead,此處will同前文所用的意義一樣)。那些筆記本來(lái)是帶你進(jìn)入“星期六的領(lǐng)土”的地圖,但是你停了一天,現(xiàn)在(notes這里是“人格化”了),它們只是坐在桌子上,對(duì)你發(fā)愣(stare a person in the face是成語(yǔ))。或者它們坐在那里,不來(lái)理你。(avoiding your eye:避免你的眼睛,故意不來(lái)看你,這也是成語(yǔ)。)
● selfsame=precisely the same。
● message:那些筆記可以激發(fā)你的思想,可以傳“話”給你,但是現(xiàn)在“話”不來(lái)了,你寫(xiě)不出東西了。它們成了“冰冷的文字”,沒(méi)有生命的東西。
● 寫(xiě)文章是耽擱不得的。但是耽擱的情形有兩種:
假如外面有力量(from outside)打斷了我的寫(xiě)作,假如我碰到了一件“無(wú)可奈何”(something I could not help)的事情(例如星期六我眼睛有病,要去瞧眼科大夫:oculist),那么你星期天寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候,仍舊是文思通暢的(every bit as well:一點(diǎn)也不差)。原因可能是:我在眼科大夫那里,神魂不安,等得不耐煩,又很生氣(raging:因?yàn)橛X(jué)得光陰浪費(fèi)可惜)。人雖在等大夫來(lái)給我治病,心中念念不忘的是我今天該寫(xiě)的那章書(shū)。
另一種情形:有人請(qǐng)我去吃午飯,我答應(yīng)了。答應(yīng)人家的邀請(qǐng)本來(lái)是件小事,但是這里的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞succumb分量很重。succumb的意思是“屈服”,對(duì)不可抗力量的屈服,通常用于“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)失敗”或“犯罪”等嚴(yán)重之事,用了這樣一個(gè)嚴(yán)重之字,就是表示:人家的邀請(qǐng)可以使你分心,你上午寫(xiě)作時(shí)就不能專(zhuān)心,你假如答應(yīng)了,就相當(dāng)于“屈服于犯罪的誘惑”。
● lunch:后面跟著一個(gè)同位格的lunch,說(shuō)明這是工作的日子的一頓有趣的午餐。
● ruined:這個(gè)字用得也很重——“我就毀了,完蛋了?!蹦翘焐衔缇筒挥孟雽?xiě)什么好文章了。
● dinner:美國(guó)通常是晚餐。晚上去赴宴,照理說(shuō)不會(huì)影響你上午的寫(xiě)作的。
● means:赴宴并不簡(jiǎn)單,它引起了許多別種考慮。對(duì)于女太太們說(shuō)來(lái),有人請(qǐng)客就“等于”(means)考慮這些事情:我要穿些什么(照語(yǔ)法書(shū)規(guī)定,這幾個(gè)字的次序應(yīng)排作what one shall wear),去洗頭燙發(fā)(替女人“做頭”的人是hairdresser),或者到店里去,找一件新的晚禮服。
● distracting:分心的。fatally:給你致命打擊。作家之心不可旁騖,連宴會(huì)都不宜參加,這種生活多苦!
● 應(yīng)召赴宴固然不可,自己請(qǐng)客(Giving a party)更有大害。你有好幾天靜不下心來(lái),工作也不能進(jìn)行了。
● finish這里是名詞,連后面的to:“照我看來(lái),你好幾天的工作都要無(wú)法進(jìn)行了?!?
I dare not overwork. Let me write for too many hours, sit too long at the typewriter, and rubbish emerges on the page. When I am tired I write as a drunken man might write, deceived into spurious ecstasy. Spurious ecstasy is easy to achieve. But it is not communicable. I think the young writer should always remember that he is writing for strangers. And strangers require to be won. So when lunchtime comes, I tamely stop and eat. After lunch I read over what I wrote in the morning, correct it, add marginal notes of things I have left out or facts that need checking historically. Also, if at lunchtime I am still primed with ideas, I put them on slips of paper marked with the next day's date: "Raleigh's arrival for trial at Winchester. Horn at gate… Only 2 days between R. and his fate."
● Let me…and…:這種句法相當(dāng)于假定句子——假如我如何如何,我就如何如何。
● sit…at the typewriter:中文大約應(yīng)該說(shuō),坐在打字機(jī)的“前面”。rubbish:不通的文字。emerges:出現(xiàn)。
● 我如疲倦,我的文章就像醉漢所作(might write是虛擬式:我不一定知道醉漢的文章是怎么樣的)。我糊里糊涂的筆底有一種狂熱(ecstasy),但是這是假的(spurious)狂熱。自以為文氣很盛,其實(shí)是語(yǔ)無(wú)倫次(deceived into:受騙而做出某樣事情)。這種假的狂熱是不難寫(xiě)出來(lái)(achieve:達(dá)到)的。
● communicable:可以使人看懂的。你自言自語(yǔ),如醉語(yǔ)夢(mèng)囈,別人是不能了解或欣賞的。青年作家該記?。簩?xiě)作是給別人看的,不是讓你來(lái)自鳴得意的。讀者你是不認(rèn)得的(strangers),你該爭(zhēng)?。╳on)他們,使他們歡喜你的作品。
● tamely:乖乖地。上午寫(xiě)了四個(gè)鐘頭,到午飯時(shí)就停。
● add marginal notes:上午所寫(xiě)的文章中,如有東西遺漏(left out),或者有些考據(jù)之事,一定要查書(shū)才能證實(shí)正誤的,我就加“眉批”注明。但是補(bǔ)寫(xiě)是要等到明天再來(lái),今天下午我只是休息或是處理雜務(wù)了。
● primed:充滿。有的時(shí)候文章欲罷不能,到午飯的時(shí)候,人雖疲倦,但是文思未盡。那時(shí)我還是停止工作,我把文思寫(xiě)在幾張紙條上,注明明天的日期,等明天再來(lái)發(fā)揮。
● 舉一個(gè)例子:作者曾寫(xiě)過(guò)一部英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的英雄Sir Walter Raleigh的傳記。Raleigh后來(lái)是判處死刑的,這幾章文章可以寫(xiě)得很精彩。但是到該停的時(shí)候,她還是停下來(lái)。她只是記著:“Raleigh到Winchester,準(zhǔn)備受審。門(mén)口號(hào)角聲……他還有兩天可活……”這種筆記是不用腦筋的,寫(xiě)來(lái)不費(fèi)力。今天先養(yǎng)精蓄銳,明天好好地來(lái)寫(xiě)。
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