中英文書面表達(dá)方式之間的差異

　　中文書面表達(dá)方式和英文書面表達(dá)方式存在很大的差異。英文寫作能力提高的捷徑就是首先對(duì)比中英文表達(dá)方式的差異，然后學(xué)會(huì)把中文表達(dá)方式轉(zhuǎn)換為英文表達(dá)方式。譬如

　　一、主語(yǔ)的幾種表達(dá)格式。

　　1.他們能夠保存自己歷史的唯一途徑就是，由講述人一代接一代地將史實(shí)描述為傳奇故事口傳下來(lái)。

　　The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another.

　　寫作法則提煉：中文表達(dá)“他們能夠保存自己歷史的唯一途徑”;英文表達(dá)“唯一途徑that他們能夠保存自己的歷史”，完全轉(zhuǎn)換“The only way that they can preserve their history”。

　　2.弗吉尼亞.伍爾夫(Virginia Woolf)關(guān)于她寫作《黛洛維夫人》(Mrs. Dalloway)意圖的具有爭(zhēng)議性的陳述通常被評(píng)論家們所忽略了，因?yàn)樗怀龇从沉怂T多文學(xué)興趣中某一方面，而這一方面則與人們對(duì)“詩(shī)性”小說(shuō)家(poetic novelist)所形成的傳統(tǒng)見(jiàn)解大相徑庭。所謂的“詩(shī)性”小說(shuō)家，所關(guān)注的是審視想入非非和白日夢(mèng)幻的諸般狀態(tài)，并致力于追尋個(gè)體意識(shí)的通幽曲徑。

　　Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

　　寫作法則提煉：中文表達(dá)“弗吉尼亞.伍爾夫(Virginia Woolf)關(guān)于她寫作《黛洛維夫人》(Mrs. Dalloway)意圖的具有爭(zhēng)議性的陳述”;英文表達(dá)“弗吉尼亞.伍爾夫的具有爭(zhēng)議性的陳述關(guān)于她的目的在寫作《黛洛維夫人》”，完全轉(zhuǎn)換“Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway”。

　　3.據(jù)估計(jì)，在英國(guó)蜘蛛一年里所消滅昆蟲的重量將會(huì)超過(guò)這個(gè)國(guó)家人口的總重量。

　　It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.

　　寫作法則提煉：中文表達(dá)“據(jù)估計(jì)，在英國(guó)蜘蛛一年里所消滅昆蟲的重量將會(huì)超過(guò)這個(gè)國(guó)家人口的總重量。”;英文表達(dá)“它已經(jīng)被估計(jì)that the重量of所有昆蟲毀滅的被蜘蛛在英國(guó)在一年里將是更大比the總重量of所有人類在這個(gè)國(guó)家”，完全轉(zhuǎn)換“It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.”。

　　4.企圖消除自己和讀者之間距離或企圖用不了解自己的人的角度來(lái)研究自己塑造的形象，很可能會(huì)是作家自己毀滅，因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)開始為取悅他人而寫作了。

　　This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader, to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him, can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.

　　寫作法則提煉：中文表達(dá)“企圖消除自己和讀者之間距離或企圖用不了解自己的人的角度來(lái)研究自己塑造的形象”;英文表達(dá)“這種企圖去消失距離之間自己和讀者，去研究他自己塑造的形象以這種角度of those who不了解他自己”，完全轉(zhuǎn)換“This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader, to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him,”。

　　二、謂語(yǔ)的幾種表達(dá)方式。

　　1.此外，蜘蛛不象一些其他食蟲動(dòng)物，它們絕不會(huì)對(duì)我們或我們的財(cái)物造成絲毫的危害。

　　Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.

　　寫作法則提煉：中文表達(dá)“蜘蛛不象一些其他食蟲動(dòng)物，它們絕不會(huì)對(duì)我們或我們的財(cái)物造成絲毫的危害。”;英文表達(dá)“不象一些of the其他食蟲動(dòng)物，蜘蛛絕對(duì)不做最小的傷害對(duì)我們或我們的財(cái)物”，完全轉(zhuǎn)換“unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.”。

　　2.美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是圍繞著一個(gè)以私有企業(yè)為主和以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)行組織的，在這種經(jīng)濟(jì)中，消費(fèi)者很大程度上通過(guò)在市場(chǎng)上花錢購(gòu)買那些他們最想要的商品和服務(wù)來(lái)決定什么應(yīng)該被制造。

　　The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

　　寫作法則提煉：中文表達(dá)“美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是圍繞著一個(gè)以私有企業(yè)為主和以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)行組織的，”;英文表達(dá)“美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制被組織圍繞一個(gè)主要地私營(yíng)的企業(yè)，市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟(jì)”，完全轉(zhuǎn)換“The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy”。

　　3.然而，在起初完全不是這么一會(huì)事。

　　In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all.

　　寫作法則提煉：中文表達(dá)“然而，在起初完全不是這么一會(huì)事。”;英文表達(dá)“在起初，然而，this was不是這事完全”，完全轉(zhuǎn)換“In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all.”。

　　4.他宣稱他反對(duì)把這種非同尋常的畜牧繁殖技術(shù)用于克隆人類，并下令聯(lián)邦政府基金不準(zhǔn)被用于做此類試驗(yàn)--盡管還沒(méi)有人建議這么做--，而且他還邀請(qǐng)了一個(gè)由普林斯頓大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)哈羅得.夏皮羅所主持的獨(dú)立專家小組在90天內(nèi)向白宮匯報(bào)關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國(guó)家政策的建議。

　　Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on

　　human cloning.

　　寫作法則提煉：中文表達(dá)“他宣稱……，并下令……，而且他還邀請(qǐng)……”;英文表達(dá)“宣稱that……，他下令that……and邀請(qǐng)……”，完全轉(zhuǎn)換“Declaring that …… , he ordered that …… and asked ……”。

　　三、賓語(yǔ)的幾種表達(dá)方式。

　　1.我們從書籍中可讀到，5000年前的近東地區(qū)的人們最早學(xué)會(huì)了寫字。

　　We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.

　　寫作法則提煉：中文表達(dá)“我們從書籍中可讀到，5000年前的近東地區(qū)的人們最早學(xué)會(huì)了寫字。”;英文表達(dá)“我們能夠讀到things that happened5000年前在近東，where人們最早”，完全轉(zhuǎn)換“We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.”。

　　2.現(xiàn)在每個(gè)人都擁有比任何時(shí)代人都要多的可利用信息，而找到與他/她的特定問(wèn)題相關(guān)的那一點(diǎn)信息的工作不僅復(fù)雜、耗時(shí)，有時(shí)甚至比登山還難。

　　The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.

　　寫作法則提煉：中文表達(dá)“現(xiàn)在每個(gè)人都擁有比任何時(shí)代人都要多的可利用信息”;英文表達(dá)“個(gè)體現(xiàn)在有更多信息可利用的比任何一代人”，完全轉(zhuǎn)換“The individual now has more information available than any generation”。

　　3.現(xiàn)代的登山運(yùn)動(dòng)員們?cè)噲D通過(guò)一條會(huì)給他們帶來(lái)運(yùn)動(dòng)樂(lè)趣的路線去攀登山峰，并且這條路線愈艱險(xiǎn)愈帶勁兒。

　　Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.

　　寫作法則提煉：中文表達(dá)“現(xiàn)代的登山運(yùn)動(dòng)員們?cè)噲D通過(guò)一條會(huì)給他們帶來(lái)運(yùn)動(dòng)樂(lè)趣的路線去攀登山峰，并且這條路線愈艱險(xiǎn)愈帶勁兒。”;英文表達(dá)“現(xiàn)代的登山運(yùn)動(dòng)員試圖去登山通過(guò)一條路線which將給他們好的運(yùn)動(dòng)，并且the更多的困難的it是，the更多的興奮地it被認(rèn)為”，完全轉(zhuǎn)換“Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.”。

　　4.酸是一種化合物，它在溶于水時(shí)具有強(qiáng)烈的氣味，它對(duì)金屬具有腐蝕的作用，并且它具有把某些藍(lán)色植物染料變紅的能力。

　　Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.

　　寫作法則提煉：中文表達(dá)“酸是一種化合物，它在溶于水時(shí)具有一種強(qiáng)烈的氣味，它對(duì)金屬具有一種腐蝕的作用，并且它具有把某些藍(lán)色植物染料變紅的能力。”;英文表達(dá)“酸是化合物that，進(jìn)入水溶解作用，具有一種強(qiáng)烈的味道，一種腐蝕的作用對(duì)于金屬，并且這種能力去轉(zhuǎn)變某些藍(lán)色植物染料紅色的”，完全轉(zhuǎn)換“cids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.”。