“殷墟王陵”中英雙語導(dǎo)游詞（上）

Welcome to everyone that has come to see the world-astonishing Yinxu Royal Cemetery .

作為華夏文明最具有代表性的文物遺址，它被國際專家、學(xué)者贊譽為“第二個古埃及”，其價值可與世界七大奇跡相媲美。王陵遺址與洹水南岸的宮殿宗廟遺址一樣，不僅是殷墟遺址的重要組成部分，而且也是世界文化遺產(chǎn)的核心范圍。在這里發(fā)現(xiàn)了13座大墓(包括一座未完成大墓)、2000多座陪葬墓和祭祀坑，重達875公斤的國寶重器--司母戊鼎就出土于這里，被學(xué)術(shù)界公認為中國古代文化寶庫中一顆璀璨奪目的明珠。正是因其重要價值，它與宮殿宗廟遺址得到了聯(lián)合國專家的高度評價，有望在2006年進入世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄。讓我們在為之加油喝彩的同時，也來領(lǐng)略它的神秘風(fēng)采吧。

Regarded as the most representative site of ancient Chinese civilization, the Royal Cemetery site is praised by international experts and scholars as the world's “Second Egypt”。 It is on par with the Seven Wonders of the World. The Royal cemetery site is similar to the palace-temple complex on the south side of the Huan river. Therefore it is not only an important component in the Yinxu site, but is also designated by the World Cultural Heritage as a “Core Zone”。 Thirteen large tombs (including one unfinished large tomb)， and more than 2000 accompanying tombs and sacrificial pits were discovered here. Weighing over 875 kilograms, the Si Mu Wu square ding-cauldron, a national treasure, was excavated here as well. It is regarded by academics circles around the world as a dazzling pearl amongst the treasures of ancient Chinese culture. Precisely because of the site's important value, it obtained the high praise of United Nations experts and in 2006 both the palace-temple complex and the royal cemetery were entered into the list of World Cultural Heritage sites. We are proud of this achievement, but we also still marvel at the mysterious presence of the site.

一、正門外： (開場白)

為更好地保護商代王陵遺址，我們在原址上修建了王陵遺址保護區(qū)。首先，映入大家眼簾的是一座仿殷建筑形式的大門，為“茅茨土階，四阿重屋”的結(jié)構(gòu)(茅草蓋頂，夯土臺階，四面坡頂，兩重房檐)。邁入這扇大門，一個塵封了3300年的殷商王朝將為我們揭開它神密的面紗，再現(xiàn)當年輝煌與強盛?，F(xiàn)在請大家隨我一同參觀。

In order to better protect the Shang Royal Cemetery site, we have built this protected area over the original site. First, take a look at this large gate built in the Shang style. Notice how thatched grass covers the top, how rammed earth was used to construct the steps, how the four sides are slanted, and how the roof features double-layered eaves. Passing through this gate, the dust-laden ruins of the 3300 year old Shang dynasty will be revealed, showing a glimpse of the ancient period's brilliance and prosperity to us in the modern day. Please follow me as we tour the site together.

二、正門內(nèi) (概述王陵遺址的重要意義)

二十世紀三十年代，中國第一批考古學(xué)者在這里發(fā)現(xiàn)了距今三千多年商王陵墓群，命名為商代“王陵遺址”。這是我國目前已知最早最完整的王陵墓葬群，它的發(fā)現(xiàn)，奠定了殷商文化研究的基礎(chǔ)，確證了奴隸社會的存在，成為探索中華文明起源的重要基石。

In the 1930s, China's first generation of archaeologists discovered the more than 3000 year old Shang royal tombs, naming it the Shang dynasty's Royal Cemetery site. This is the earliest complete royal cemetery grave group known in China. Its discovery established the foundations of Shang cultural research and provided conclusive proof of the existence of slave society. Study of this site has become an important cornerstone in the effort to explore the origins of Chinese civilization.

首先，讓我們來了解一下王陵遺址的平面布局。請看這邊王陵遺跡分布圖：王陵遺址位于安陽市西北郊洹水北岸的侯家莊與武官村北的高地上。與南面的殷墟宮殿宗廟遺址隔河相望，與東面的洹北商城遙相呼應(yīng)，是殷墟遺址重要的組成部分。王陵遺址東西長450米，南北寬250米，占地11.3公頃(169.5畝)。大墓大約始建于商王武丁時期，而終于商王帝辛?xí)r期，前后營建達200余年。從1934年至今，在這里共發(fā)現(xiàn)了13座王陵大墓(包括一座未完成的大墓)、2000多座陪葬墓和祭祀坑。當年發(fā)掘時踩出的一條土路，把遺址分成相距百余米的東、西兩區(qū)。東區(qū)有大墓五座，西區(qū)八座(包括一座未完成的大墓)。大墓規(guī)模宏偉，出土文物精美(舉世聞名的司母戊方鼎就在這里出土);祭祀坑數(shù)量眾多，排列有序。所以，學(xué)者們認為，這里不僅是殷商時期的商王陵地，而且也是王室祭祀先祖的一個公共祭祀場，是中國古代文明的輝煌篇章之一。因為當年發(fā)掘后這些大墓即被回填，為重現(xiàn)當年的盛大景象，我們在大墓原址分別采取了地下封存、地表植被砂石標識、復(fù)原展示和揭露展示等方法，再現(xiàn)了當年王陵墓葬群的宏大場面。下面，請先隨我參觀王陵遺址的東區(qū)。

First, we must understand the geographical distribution of the site. Please have a look at this side of the Royal Cemetery map. The site is located in a suburb northeast of the city of Anyang, on the high bank of the Huan river north of Houjiazhuang and Wuguancun villages. The Royal Cemetery is an important component of the Yinxu site. Facing south towards the palace-temple site located across the river, it borders the Huanbei Shang city to the east. From east to west the Royal Cemetery site measures 450 meters, and from north to south it is 250 meters long, an area totaling 11.3 hectares (or 169.5 mu)。 Construction lasted more than 200 years, starting with the reign of Shang king Wu Ding and ending during the reign of the last Shang king, Di Xin. From 1934 to the present, 13 large tombs (including one incomplete tomb) and more than 2000 accompanying tombs and sacrificial pits have been discovered here. An excavated dirt footpath divides the site in two, and the western and eastern zones are separated by over 100 meters. The eastern zone has five large tombs, and the western zone has eight (including the uncompleted tomb)。 The scope of the tombs is grand, and the excavated cultural relics are exquisite--the world-famous Si Mu Wu square ding-cauldron was excavated here. The numerous sacrificial pits are arranged in an orderly fashion. Therefore scholars believe that this location was not only the cemetery of the Shang kings, but that it was also a public place for the royal court to offer sacrifices to the ancestors, illustrating a great chapter in ancient Chinese history. Because these tombs were backfilled after excavation, the previous splendor of the site has been restored. At the original locations of the large tombs we have undertaken measures to preserve the underground tombs by marking them aboveground with gravel that represents the shape of the original tomb. Through restoration and carefully chosen displays, the immense scope of the Royal graves is revealed. Next, please follow me to view the eastern section of the Royal Cemetery.

三、平面圖至車馬坑展廳 (由王陵大墓的發(fā)現(xiàn)介紹王陵遺址概況)。

從19世紀末甲骨文的發(fā)現(xiàn)到20世紀20年代的殷墟科學(xué)發(fā)掘，安陽在中國古史研究中的重要性已無可質(zhì)疑。特別是小屯村一帶宮殿宗廟遺址的確認，更是激發(fā)了大家尋找商代王陵的興趣。大約在1933年，侯家莊附近私人盜掘出三件形狀奇特、體積龐大的青銅器，消息不脛而走。正在主持發(fā)掘工作的考古學(xué)家梁思永先生聽到了這個消息，并得知墓葬的位置大約靠近侯家莊、武官村一帶，于是便在五位年輕的考古學(xué)家(石璋如、劉耀--即著名考古學(xué)家尹達先生、祁延霈、胡福林--即著名甲骨學(xué)大師胡厚宣先生、尹煥章)的協(xié)助下開始第十次發(fā)掘。在他們的不懈努力下，13座王陵大墓、2000多座祭祀坑逐步露出地表。根據(jù)墓內(nèi)出土的器物，大墓的規(guī)模及人殉制度等情況，學(xué)者們認為這就是統(tǒng)治殷商王朝的最有權(quán)勢的商王家族墓葬。一個塵封3000多年、深埋黃泉之下的殷商王朝終于顯露出他的真實面貌。

From the discovery of oracle bone inscriptions at the end of the 19th century to the scientific excavation of Yinxu in the 1920s, the significance of Anyang in the study of ancient Chinese history could not be questioned. In particular the identification of the palace-temple site at Xiaotun village further incited the interest of everyone in finding the Shang Royal Cemetery. In 1933, in the vicinity of Houjiazhuang village, private excavation yielded three bronze pieces peculiar in shape and immense in size. News of these pieces spread like wildfire. Precisely as archaeologist Liang Siyong took charge of the archaeological excavation he heard the rumors, and knowing that the position of the graves lay somewhere around Houjiazhuang and Wuguancun, he dispatched five young archaeologists (Shi Zhangru, Liu Yao--famous archaeologist now known as Yin Da, Qi Yanpei, Hu Fulin--renowned oracle-bone scholar now known as Hu Houxuan, and Yin Huanzhang) to start the 10th season of excavation. During their untiring efforts, 13 large tombs and over 2000 sacrificial pits were successively exposed from beneath the earth. Based on contents excavated from the tombs, the large scale of the tombs, and the systematic burial of human sacrifices, scholars believe this to been the graveyard of the powerful Shang royal clan which ruled during the Shang dynasty. Buried more than three thousand years ago in the bowels of the earth, the Shang dynasty had at least revealed its true face.

東區(qū)主要分布了的五座大墓，分別是M1400、M1443、M1129、武官村大墓(WGKM1)和M260(相傳司母戊方鼎就出土于此墓)。其中，M1400大墓為四條墓道，M1443、M1129、武官村大墓為兩條墓道，M260為一條墓道。同時，其中東區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量小型墓葬。這些墓葬除少數(shù)為陪葬墓外，大多屬于祭祀坑，是商王祭祀先祖主要祭祀場所。

The eastern zone consists primarily of five large tombs, known respectively as Tomb Number 1400, Tomb Number 1443, Tomb Number 1129, the Wuguancun large tomb, and Tomb Number 260, where, reportedly, the Si Mu Wu square ding-cauldron was excavated. Among them, Tomb Number 1400 has four ramps leading down into the burial pit, Tombs 1443, 1129 and the Wuguancun tomb have two ramps, and Tomb 260 has one ramp. Moreover, a large number of small scale burials were discovered in the eastern area. Excluding a few accompanying tombs, the majority of these burials are sacrificial pits, important sacrificial shrines for Shang royal ancestor worship.

(武官村大墓)在東邊我們可以看到有一座大墓，這就是武官村大墓。它是新中國成立后，由我國考古工作者進行的第一次考古發(fā)掘的重大成果。1950年，由郭寶鈞先生主持發(fā)掘。墓室為長方形，兩條墓道?？诖蟮仔?。墓口南北長14米、東西寬12米，墓口至底深7.20米。墓室底有腰坑，內(nèi)埋1人1戈。槨室南北長6.30米，東西寬5.20米、高2.50米。槨底由30根原木鋪成。槨室每壁由9根原木疊成，呈井字型，上覆槨蓋。北墓道長15米，呈坡狀，南墓道長15.60米，直達墓底，殉人79人。并出土銅鼎、簋、觚、爵、戈及玉器等隨葬品。最著名的有虎紋石磬，長84厘米，厚2.5厘米，正面雕刻臥虎紋，紋飾剛勁圓熟，生氣盎然，是目前殷墟出土樂器中最大的一件，也是中國古代樂器寶庫中難得的珍品。

On the eastern side we can see there is a large tomb, which is the Wuguancun tomb. It was the first great achievement of Chinese archaeologists after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. In 1950, Guo Baojun directed archaeological excavation at Anyang. The tomb pit is rectangular with two ramps leading up to the surface. At the surface, it is 14 meters long from north to south, and 12 meters from east to west. The bottom of the tomb, which is smaller in dimension than the tomb opening, lies 7.2 meters below the surface. At the bottom of the tomb is the waist pit, which contained a buried person and a ge-daggeraxe. An inner chamber, made of wood, was placed over the waist pit. It was 6.3 meters long, 5.2 meters wide, and 2.5 meters tall. 30 planks of wood were lain across the bottom of the inner chamber. Every wall of the chamber was composed of 9 planks of wood, apparently in the shape of a cross, and topped with a roof. The northern tomb ramp was sloped downward from the surface, 15 meters in length. The southern tomb ramp, 15.6 meters long, held 79 sacrificed humans, buried along the ramp down to the center of the tomb. Bronze ding-cauldrons, gui-bowls, gu-goblets, jue-wine vessels, ge-dagger-axes, and jadeware were found together as burial objects. A famous piece is an engraved tiger-shaped stone, 8.4 centimeters long and 2.5 centimeters tall. The engraved tiger stripes on the front side are bold and expertly carved, overflowing with vitality. At present it is one of the largest pieces of jadeware yet excavated, making it a rare gem in ancient China's storehouse of treasures.

四、車馬坑展覽館 (結(jié)合版面和實物進行介紹)

車是古代中國陸上交通的主要工具。中國是世界上最早發(fā)明和使用車的國家之一，相傳黃帝時已經(jīng)發(fā)明了車，夏代還設(shè)“車正”之職，專門管理車旅交通和車輛的制造。目前的考古資料表明，殷墟出土的車是我國最早的車子實物。這是華夏民族的祖先在長期的生產(chǎn)實踐中的一次重大發(fā)明與創(chuàng)造。以車子制造為代表的古代中國的科學(xué)技術(shù)，為人類科技的發(fā)展作出重要貢獻。在甲骨文和青銅器銘文中“車”的形象出現(xiàn)較多，形象的描繪了當時車子的形態(tài)。車馬器實物是1931年在殷墟考古中首次發(fā)現(xiàn)的。截止目前，發(fā)掘出土的殷代車馬坑超過40座。

The chariot was ancient China's principal means of land transportation. China was one of the earliest nations in the world to invent and use the chariot. According to tradition, it was invented by the Yellow Emperor. During the Xia dynasty, the office of the Chief of Chariots specialized in managing vehicle traffic and construction. As the archaeological evidence before you illustrates, the chariots excavated at Yinxu are China's earliest chariot specimens. This is one instance of the creation of an ancient invention by China's ancestors. If we look at the creation of the chariot as representative of ancient Chinese science and technology, we can see how ancient China's scientific development made significant contributions to humanity. Pictorial representations of chariots appear quite frequently in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions, images which depict the form of chariots during the period. Chariot horses and implements were first discovered during excavation at Yinxu in 1931. At present, excavated Shang period chariot pits number more than 40.

殷代車子是木質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)，主要由輿、軸、輪、轅、衡、軛構(gòu)成。由于深埋地下，年長歲久，出土?xí)r木質(zhì)部分已全部腐朽，僅存遺痕和青銅飾件?？脊殴ぷ髡吒鶕?jù)泥土中保留下來的車子輪廓，成功地對它們進行了剝剔和清理，經(jīng)過復(fù)原，使距今三千多年前的殷代車子再現(xiàn)于人們眼前。

The Shang chariot was constructed from wood, consisting of a carriage, axle, wheels, pole, and yoke. Due to being buried underground for ages, the wooden components of the chariots had already completely decomposed. When the chariots were excavated, archaeologists found only wood traces and bronze decorations. Based on the trace outline left by the decomposed wood on the surrounding soil, archaeologists succeeded in preserving the shape of the chariot, thereby restoring a three thousand year old chariot for you to see before your own eyes.

隨著社會發(fā)展，車子在人們的社會生活中的作用越來越重要，使用范圍也越來越廣。人們對車子的重視，又促進了車子本身的進步。一方面，車子結(jié)構(gòu)與系駕法向著輕便快捷發(fā)展，由單轅發(fā)展到雙轅，由“軛靷系駕法”發(fā)展到“胸帶系”駕，使車子更為合理也更為科學(xué);另一方面，車子的作用也逐漸擺脫戰(zhàn)場的束縛，成為人們?nèi)粘Ｉ詈蜕a(chǎn)勞動的主要工具。中國文明的進步，在一定意義上與中國車子的發(fā)展是分不開的。

Following the development of society, the use of the chariot in human social life grew more and more important, and the scope of its use broadened. The Shang attached importance to the chariot and promoted its advancement. On the one hand, chariot structure and harness method became more portable and light. The single shaft connecting the yoke with the carriage was replaced by two and the leather harness strap developed into a shoulder harness, causing the chariot to more efficient and better designed. On the other hand, use of the chariot gradually exceeded the battlefield, becoming an important tool in everyday life and productive labor. The progress of Chinese civilization certainly cannot be separated from the development of the chariot.

五、王陵墓葬展覽館 (結(jié)合版面和實物進行介紹)

墓道為大墓所特有，由地表直通墓底，形成斜坡，有的墓道成臺階狀。墓道內(nèi)一般葬人牲或馬。墓室一般為方形或長方形，面積由幾十平方米到幾百平方米不等。墓室四壁常有“二層臺”，二層臺上殉人或放置器物。墓室內(nèi)葬具有棺、槨和帳幄。墓室底部中心有“腰坑”，常見殉狗，也有殉人的。殉狗是為墓主人警戒，殉人似有奠基意義。這些都是為死者安居并保護其在陰曹地府不受侵害而設(shè)。

The tomb ramp is characteristic of large tombs. From the earth's surface it slopes down to the base of the pit, with some of the ramps having stairs. Within the tomb ramp sacrificial people and horses were buried. The tomb chamber was usually square or rectangular, with surface areas ranging from tens of square meters to hundreds of square meters. The four walls of the tomb chamber often had two platforms, the second of which held more human sacrifices or tools. Within the tomb chamber, the inner coffin which held the tomb's occupant was encased in a wooden structure, which was topped by a canopy roof. At the center of the tomb floor was the waist pit, commonly containing a sacrificial dog and sometimes a human. The sacrificed dog served to guard the tomb's occupant, and the sacrificed human seems to have had an offertory purpose. This was all done in order for the tomb occupant to live a quiet and protected existence in the underworld, shielded from disturbance or intrusion.

在奴隸社會里，祭祀是禮制的重要組成部分，是國家的大事，多數(shù)由國王親自主持。祭祀對象包括天地、山川、日月、風(fēng)雨、祖先、神鬼等等。在王陵遺址發(fā)出的2000余座祭祀坑中，白骨累累，顯示了殷代奴隸的悲慘情景。把人強行處死后埋入坑內(nèi)祭祀祖先，稱為人祭。人祭坑排列有序，分為若干組，每組代表一次祭祀活動。有活埋的，有先處死后再埋入的。祭祀的人牲，多為戰(zhàn)俘，也有一些是奴隸。 I

n slave society, sacrifices and offerings were an important part of the social code. It was an important affair of state, and many sacrificial and offertory rituals were presided over by the king himself. Recipients of the offerings included Heaven and Earth, the mountains and the rivers, the sun and moon, wind and rain, the ancestors, spirits and ghosts, etc. Among the more than 2000 sacrificial pits unearthed at the Royal Cemetery site, the bones of the dead are countless, demonstrating the tragic plight of Shang slaves. By the term human sacrifice, we mean executing people and afterwards interring them in a pit in order to worship the ancestors. The human sacrifice pits were arranged in an orderly fashion, divided into certain numbers with each group representing an instance of sacrifice. Some of the victims were buried alive, and some were first executed and then interred. Most of the victims of human sacrifice were prisoners, but some were also slaves.

六、M260大墓展廳 (結(jié)合版面和實物進行介紹)

M260位于殷墟王陵遺址東區(qū)，在1984年9月進行了正式考古發(fā)掘，聞名遐邇的司母戊大方鼎傳說1939年就出土于這里。司母戊鼎是世界上罕見的青銅重器，鼎重832.84公斤，高133厘米，口長110厘米，寬79厘米，足高46厘米，壁厚6厘米，是迄今為止出土鼎中最大最重的。

Tomb number 260 is located in the eastern zone of Yinxu's Royal Cemetery site. Formal archaeological excavation has been in progress since September 1984. According to hearsay, the widely known Si Mu Wu square ding-cauldron was excavated from here in 1939. The Si Mu Wu square ding-cauldron is one of the most rare pieces of bronze ware in the world 133 centimeters tall, the cauldron has a mouth that is 110 by 79 centimeters large. Its legs are 46 centimeters long, and the bronze walls are 6 centimeters thick. It is the largest ding-cauldron ever excavated.

M260墓呈“甲”字形，墓道在墓室南部，呈坡狀，墓室為一長方形豎穴坑。墓室底有一腰坑，內(nèi)有一人一大玉戈。在墓室西北角填坑內(nèi)有8把木。在墓道填土內(nèi)，有集中在一起的22個人頭骨。墓室填土中有6個個體的人骨，槨室填土內(nèi)有5個個體人骨。傳說1939年該墓出土了司母戊大鼎，更顯示出墓主人的尊貴。探討該墓主人身份之迷，成為殷墟考古的重要目標之一。

Tomb number 260 is shaped like the Chinese character 甲 jia. The single tomb ramp slopes upward from the southern part of the rectangular pit. At the bottom of the pit is a waist pit, inside of which are one person and one large jade ge-dagger-axe. In the northwestern corner of the pit is a backfilled hole which contained 8 pieces of wood. 22 human skulls were found together in the earth used to backfill the tomb ramp. The tomb's backfill contained six individual human skeletons, and the backfill of the wooden chamber held five individual human skeletons. Reportedly in 1939 the Si Mu Wu square ding-cauldron was excavated here, another indication that the tomb's occupant was well-respected. Since the identity of the tomb's occupant is lost, it has become an important objective of Yinxu archaeology to discover it.

七、祭祀場 “國之大事，在祀與戎。”

隨著墓主人的安葬，祭祀殺牲儀式逐漸開始。這里是當年商王祭祀先祖的祭祀場所。在王陵大墓的周圍，共發(fā)現(xiàn)2000余座祭祀坑，我們現(xiàn)在看到的僅僅只是其中的一部分。主要采用了地下封存、地表砂石標識、復(fù)原展示的方法進行展示。為避免風(fēng)雨侵蝕，我們對復(fù)原展示的祭祀坑加蓋了玻璃罩進行保護。

An ancient Chinese text called the Commentary of Zuo states that the important affairs of state reside in ritual and war. Following the peaceful burial of the tomb's occupant, ritual sacrifice of domesticated animals started and increased in magnitude. The Royal Cemetery was a sacrifice site for Shang kings to make offerings to the ancestors and spirits. In the vicinity of the Royal Cemetery's large tombs, there are altogether over 2000 sacrificial pits. The ones we see today are only a small fraction. Our main principle is to preserve the underground tombs by marking them aboveground with gravel that represents the shape of the original tomb, thereby restoring the site for posterity while still giving visitors a glimpse of the Royal Cemetery as it must have looked in the past. In order to avoid damage and erosion from the elements, we have covered the sacrificial pits with a glass cover to for constant protection.

這些祭祀坑排列整齊的稱“排葬坑”，比較分散的稱為“散葬坑”。埋人的坑大多是長方形豎穴，坑內(nèi)所埋人骨有全軀的，有身首分離的，也有無頭軀體。另外，還有一種是方形坑，是專門埋葬人頭骨的。

These sacrificial pits which are neatly arranged are known as ordered burial pits, while those that are relatively scattered are known as scattered burial pits. Most of the pits containing human burials are shaped like rectangles perpendicular to the ground, so that the entire buried person's skeleton could fit standing up into the grave. Some consist of decapitated corpses, and others are missing either the head or the body. And still another type of pit is square shaped, for special burials of only human skulls.

在商代，每當祭祀時商王都會把人像牛、羊、豬等牲畜一樣供奉給祖先和神靈，這種制度被學(xué)者們稱為是人牲制度。被殺的人牲絕大多數(shù)為戰(zhàn)俘，少數(shù)為奴隸。商王和貴族奴隸主在祭祀祖先、祈禱神靈佑護、建筑宮室和求年問雨時都要用人牲，這里也就成為商王祭祀祖先的一個大型公共祭祀場所。里面埋葬著大量祭祀犧牲的遺骸。其中僅1976年發(fā)掘的191座祭祀坑中，就發(fā)現(xiàn)1178具人骨架。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計，殷墟甲骨文中有關(guān)人祭的甲骨有1350片，卜辭1992條，共用人牲13052人。不僅如此，商王或貴族死后，還用人殉葬，稱為人殉。人殉的數(shù)量，根據(jù)墓主人身份的高低，少則1人，多則達200多人。像M1001大墓殉人就多達225人。

During the Shang period, whenever the king made sacrifices he offered both humans and livestock, like cattle, sheep and pigs, to the ancestors and spirits. This system is known by scholars as the human and livestock sacrificial system. The vast majority of human sacrifices were prisoners of war, but a few were slaves. The king and aristocratic slave owners, when they were making offerings to the ancestors, praying to the spirits for blessings, constructing palaces or seeking the yearly rains, they all wanted to use humans and livestock. This place became a large scale site for the performance of ancestral sacrifices by the Shang kings. Inside the burials are large amounts of the remains of ritual sacrifice. In just the 191 sacrificial pits excavated in 1976, 178 were discovered to possess human skeletons. According to incomplete statistics, 1350 oracle-bone fragments together containing 1992 inscriptions are related to human sacrifice, altogether describing the sacrifice of 13052 human beings. Moreover, after the death of Shang kings or nobles, humans victims were buried in the pit as well, a practice known as live human burial. The number of humans buried alive, depending on the rank of the tomb's occupant, could be as few as one, or as many as over 200 people. For example, large Tomb Number 1001 contained as many as 225 humans buried alive.

商王的祭祀活動是頻繁的。在祭祀活動中，有時祭祀一位祖先，有時幾位祖先一起祭奠。祭祀的對象除盤庚后的諸王，有時把商代的先公先王一起祭奠。每次祭祀所用的犧牲，有的是牲畜，有的是人。我們看到的這些祭祀坑就是當年的獸祭坑。它們是1976年春發(fā)掘的，里面埋葬的都是墓主人生前所使用過或喜愛的動物，主要有馬、牛、羊、犬、象、豬、狐等，其中馬有117匹。咱們可以看一下這邊的坑里埋葬的就是一匹馬。位了保護遺址，我們采取了地下封存，在祭祀坑原址上按考古發(fā)掘情況進行復(fù)原的方式進行展示。請大家隨我來看一下這座展坑。這是一座象豬同埋坑，里面是一只幼象。大象是河南中原的象征。根據(jù)殷墟考古發(fā)現(xiàn)和甲骨文記載證實，遠在3000年前，中原一帶氣候溫暖濕潤，林草茂密。當時河南省廣大地區(qū)，都曾有野象活動。因此，河南省的古稱為豫。

Sacrifices performed by the Shang kings were frequent. During the sacrificial ritual, sometimes one ancestor was offered to, and sometimes several ancestors together received cult. The recipients of sacrifices, except for those reigning after Pan Geng, were all kings, and sometimes the former kings and nobles were offered to together. Every offering used livestock or humans. The sacrificial pits we are looking at right now are animal burial. Excavated in the spring of 1976, the pits contain animals either used by tomb occupants or ones that tomb occupants were fond of. Primarily there are horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, elephants, pigs, and foxes, among which horses were the most common, numbering 117. We can see below on this side that what is buried in this pit is a horse. To keep the site intact, we have preserved the the excavated pits while still allowing visitors to see some of the exhibited contents. Based on the archaeological discoveries at Yinxu, and confirmed by the oracle-bone inscription record, the climate of North Central China 3000 years ago was warm and moist, the land covered in thick forests. During that time, Henan province and the surrounding area has inhabited by wild elephants. This is why the ancient character for Henan Province, pronounced Yu, has the component for elephant in it.

八、觀景臺 前面就是觀景臺。

它由著名建筑學(xué)家楊鴻勛先生設(shè)計。完全采用原木，臺高三層，古樸典雅，為王陵遺址增添了一處游覽、休息的場所?，F(xiàn)在就請大家與我一道登上觀景臺，一睹王陵遺址的風(fēng)采。

Ahead of us is the viewing platform, designed by famous Chinese architect Yang Hongxun. Completely made out of wood, it is three stories tall, simple yet elegant. It adds to the Royal Cemetery a place for visitors to see the entire site, as well as to take a break. Now please climb the tower with me, to see the splendor of the Royal Cemetery.

(觀景臺上)來到觀景臺，我們會感到眼前豁然開朗。高臺遠眺，王陵遺址的全貌也盡收眼底。王陵遺址位于安陽市西北郊洹水北岸的侯家莊西北崗、武官村北地的高地上。與南面的殷墟宮殿宗廟區(qū)隔河相望，與東部的洹北商城遙相呼應(yīng)，是殷墟遺址中重要的組成部分。這些大墓大約建于商王武丁時期，而終于商王帝辛?xí)r期，前后營建達200余年。這些大墓在歷史上雖多次盜掘，但仍出土了大量精美的青銅器、玉石器和白陶等。解放前這里出土的器物目前保存在我國的寶島--臺灣。在這里，我們希望這些文物能夠早日回到它們的故鄉(xiāng)--安陽，或者大家有機會到寶島一睹為快。

Arriving at the top of the viewing platform, we can see before our very eyes how extensive the Royal Cemetery is. From the high platform we can see far, allowing us a panoramic view of the entire site. The Royal Cemetery is located in the northwest suburbs of Anyang, on the northern bank of the Huan River in an area known as the northwestern high ground above Houjiazhuang and Wuguancun villages. Facing the main Yinxu palace-temple complex to the south, the Royal Cemetery is west of Huanbei Shang city, making it an important component in the greater Yinxu site. These tombs were constructed from the reign of King Wu Ding to the reign of King Di Xin, covering a period of more than 200 years. Although these tombs were robbed several times throughout history, archaeologists were still able to excavate a large number of exquisite bronzes, jade and stone ware, and white pottery. All of the materials excavated before the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 are currently in China's treasured island, Taiwan. We hope that soon these cultural relics will be returned to their rightful place--Anyang. Either that or everyone can have the opportunity to visit Taiwan for a quick look.

在王陵東區(qū)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了五座大墓。大墓周圍分布著2000多座陪葬墓和祭祀坑。在西區(qū)的八座大墓周圍只發(fā)現(xiàn)了100多座陪葬墓和祭祀坑。再仔細看一下西區(qū)的八座大墓，除了中間那座未完工的外，是否注意到它們之間有什么共性?這些大墓都有4條墓道，考古學(xué)家們認為，4條墓道是商代王陵的標志，也就印證了這個地方就是商代晚期的王家陵園。先秦的王陵大墓仍然保持著這一特點。像最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的湖北九連墩楚墓就是這樣的。而在東區(qū)的5座大墓中，只有1座為4條墓道，其余3座為2條墓道，1座為1條墓道的大墓，規(guī)格次于西區(qū)。

translated by Billy French

傅比利翻譯