時(shí)代經(jīng)典商業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯：貿(mào)易

　　《時(shí)代經(jīng)典商業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯》：TIME《時(shí)代雜志》上典雅的用詞、優(yōu)美的文章一向廣受各界推崇，被譽(yù)為了解西方文化的寶典。其用詞極為精練、簡(jiǎn)潔，如果您希望能充分享受閱讀TIME的樂(lè)趣，首要的工作就是認(rèn)識(shí)TIME的常用詞匯。

　　barter

　　易貨貿(mào)易

　　A rare stillness suffused Saturday morning in Sarajevo.

　　薩拉熱窩的周六早晨出奇的沉寂。

　　With the guns silent for a moment,parents gathered up their hungry children and headed for the market

　　炮聲未響，父母帶著饑腸轆轆的孩子到市場(chǎng)，

　　to barter for what meager supplies of food and clothing had made it through Serbian lines.

　　尋找穿越塞爾維亞防線的少數(shù)食品、衣物，以進(jìn)行易物交易。

　　country of origin

　　原產(chǎn)國(guó)

　　Most Americans think of the Swatch as a trendy timepiece

　　大多數(shù)美國(guó)人認(rèn)為Swatch是制造流行的手表，

　　that was embraced from K Mart Shoppers to the owners of SOHO galleries.

　　從K Mart的購(gòu)物者到蘇活區(qū)藝?yán)鹊闹鞒秩硕枷矚g它。

　　But in its country of origin,Switzerland,the Swatch represents nothing less than an amazing instrument of industrial rejuvenation.

　　但是在它的原產(chǎn)國(guó)瑞士，Swatch所代表的不外是驚人的產(chǎn)業(yè)再生力量。

　　dumping

　　傾銷

　　The turning point for the U.S.semiconductor industry may have been in 1985,

　　美國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)是在1985年。

　　when American companies filed an antidumping petition against Japanese chipmakers.

　　美國(guó)公司發(fā)出一份控告日本芯片制造廠的反傾銷陳情書(shū)。

　　The Japanese were selling 256-kilobit memory chips at $2 each,for example,even though they cost an estimated $3 or more to produce.

　　例如日本在美國(guó)以每顆2美元的價(jià)格，銷售256K的內(nèi)存芯片，但是制造成本卻大約是3元以上。

　　The report pointed out violations of fair trade by each area in 10 separate categories,

　　報(bào)告指出，在各個(gè)地區(qū)違反公平貿(mào)易的項(xiàng)目總共有10個(gè)，

　　such as quotas,anti-dumping measures and government procurement.

　　包括配額、反傾銷措施及政府采購(gòu)等。

　　EPZ

　　出口加工區(qū)

　　Though provincial governments have been given more freedom,

　　雖然地方政府已經(jīng)得到更多空間，

　　they haven't passed it on to entrepreneurs.

　　但它們并未將這自由空間轉(zhuǎn)移給企業(yè)家。

　　Foreign investors are welcome,but corruption devours profits.

　　外資受到歡迎，但貪污侵蝕了利潤(rùn)。

　　Even longtime investors complain that the rules seem to keep shifting.

　　即使長(zhǎng)期投資者也抱怨朝令夕改。

　　Ho Chi Minh City's Export Processing Zone Authority lured foreign companies on the basis of preferred taxfree status and then announced an 8% business tax.

　　胡志明市的出口加工區(qū)以優(yōu)惠的免稅待遇來(lái)吸引外商，然后卻又宣布8%的企業(yè)稅率。

　　government procurement

　　政府采購(gòu)

　　Court papers describe a scheme in which California's Teledyne Industries paid Parkin and Lackner

　　法庭文件描寫(xiě)一件陰謀：加州的Teledyne Industries付錢(qián)買(mǎi)通Parkin與Lackner二人，

　　to obtain confidential information about government procurement plans for a system to identify military aircraft.

　　以獲得有關(guān)政府采購(gòu)能辯認(rèn)識(shí)別軍機(jī)系統(tǒng)的機(jī)密資料。

　　When equipment has not been delivered,because of the glacial government procurement process.

　　當(dāng)裝備因緩慢的政府采購(gòu)程序而無(wú)法送達(dá)時(shí)，

　　Reno has personally borrowed gear from the Pentagon.

　　雷諾親自去向五角大樓借裝備。

　　gray market

　　灰色市場(chǎng)

　　Unlike rare jewels,chips have had the advantage of being untraceable,

　　電腦芯片不像稀有的珠寶。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是無(wú)法追查原主，

　　so they can be quickly unloaded on gray and black markets.

　　所以很容易在灰色市場(chǎng)與黑市脫手。

　　ITC

　　國(guó)際貿(mào)易委員會(huì)

　　The U.S.International Trade Commission,the federal agency that deals with unfair trade complaints by American companies,

　　美國(guó)國(guó)際貿(mào)易委員會(huì)是專門(mén)處理美國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)不公平貿(mào)易控拆的聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)。

　　is handling a record number of cases(38 last year).

　　它現(xiàn)在正處理創(chuàng)歷史新高的案件數(shù)目(去年有38件)。

　　MFN

　　最惠國(guó)

　　Despite lapses into protectionism,the U.S. has generally been both a promoter and a beneficiary of free trade.

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　　雖然美國(guó)逐漸傾向保護(hù)主義，但大體說(shuō)來(lái)它是自由貿(mào)易的推動(dòng)者與受益者。

　　It grants 159 of the 170 countries on earth most-favored-nation status,or MFN,subjecting their products to roughly the same relatively low import duties.

　　在170國(guó)中，他給予其中的159國(guó)最惠國(guó)特遇，對(duì)它們的產(chǎn)品大致均課以比較低的進(jìn)口關(guān)稅。

　　protectionism

　　保護(hù)主義

　　The latest version of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade will wholly or partly eliminate national tariffs,subsidies,quotas and other forms of protectionism for dozens of industries.

　　最近的關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定版本，將要求將數(shù)十種產(chǎn)業(yè)的保護(hù)政策，例如關(guān)稅、補(bǔ)貼、配額及其他形式等，加以全部或部分消除。

　　The overriding U.S. national interest is an open world in which Amierca can thrive.

　　美國(guó)最主要的利益就是建立一個(gè)可以蓬勃發(fā)展的開(kāi)放世界。

　　(That is why protectionism and the anti-NAFTA campaign,merely other forms of isolationism,are so dangerous.)

　　(因此保護(hù)主義與反“北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定”的行動(dòng)是危險(xiǎn)的，因?yàn)樗鼈冎皇枪铝⒅髁x的另外一種形式罷了。)

　　Super 301

　　超級(jí)301

　　President Clinton revived a tough provision of U.S.trade law in an attempt

　　克林頓總統(tǒng)重新祭出美國(guó)貿(mào)易法中強(qiáng)硬的一條條文，

　　to get Japan to trim its $59 billion trade surplus.

　　希望逼日本降低它對(duì)美的590億美元貿(mào)易出超。

　　The measure,the so-called Super 301,creates a "hit list" of countries deemed to be unfair traders

　　這個(gè)稱為“超級(jí)301”的措施會(huì)列出一張被認(rèn)定是不公平貿(mào)易國(guó)家的“黑名單”，

　　and threatens punitive tariffs up to 100%.

　　并且威脅使用可高達(dá)100%的懲罰性關(guān)稅。

　　Encouraged by frustrated U.S. trade groups and corporations,

　　在氣餒的美國(guó)貿(mào)易團(tuán)體與企業(yè)的鼓勵(lì)下，

　　legislators had Japan in mind when they passed the provision-dubbed Super 301-as part of last year's trade bill.

　　國(guó)會(huì)議員在去年的貿(mào)易法案中通過(guò)了所謂的超級(jí)301條款，心中想的對(duì)象就是日本。

　　trade friction

　　貿(mào)易摩擦

　　The Administration wants to fight for the U.S. computerchip industry,

　　美國(guó)政府愿意替美國(guó)的電腦芯片廠奮斗，

　　but it does not want trade friction to topple Japan's fragile reform coalition government.

　　但它不想制造貿(mào)易摩擦，讓日本脆弱的改革派聯(lián)合政府垮臺(tái)。

　　TOYOTA calls that charge "groundless and meaningless."

　　豐田稱此項(xiàng)指控“毫無(wú)根據(jù)與意義”，

　　but spokesman Yoshihara Tateishi says,

　　但是發(fā)言人Yoshihara Tateishi說(shuō)：

　　"We are fully aware of the trade friction,

　　“我們完全了解這種貿(mào)易摩擦，

　　and our approach will be modest and prudent."

　　而我們的處理方式將會(huì)是溫和且謹(jǐn)慎的。”

　　USTR

　　美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表署

　　Racing against a U.S.-imposed deadline,

　　為了趕上美國(guó)所設(shè)的最后期限，

　　Japanese negotiators and U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor produced the first major market-opening agreement between the two countries since talks began in July 1993.

　　日本的談判代表和美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表坎特達(dá)成了自1993年7月開(kāi)始談判以來(lái)，第一個(gè)主要的市場(chǎng)開(kāi)放協(xié)議。

　　Take That!And That!

　　需索無(wú)度

　　1.If posturing and tough talk were all it took to remedy the U.S.-Japan trade gap,

　　如果擺姿態(tài)和放話就能解決美日貿(mào)易逆差問(wèn)題，

　　everything would be fine by now.

　　那么現(xiàn)在什么事都已經(jīng)解決了。

　　The grumpy Fed.11 encounter in Washington between Bill Clinton and Japanese Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa has produced a surplus of bluster.

　　2月11日，美國(guó)總統(tǒng)克林頓與日本首相細(xì)川護(hù)熙不愉快的會(huì)面導(dǎo)致了更多的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)。

　　"We will not modify our position," Hosokawa warned afterward.

　　細(xì)川事后警告道：“我們不會(huì)改變立場(chǎng)。”

　　"It's just not acceptable for the United States to continue on the same path,"Clinton warned back last week.

　　“我們不能接受美國(guó)繼續(xù)照目前的方向前進(jìn)。”上周克林頓回敬了一頓警告。

　　But as both sides grumbled,they tried to keep the brinkmanship within bounds.

　　不過(guò)即使雙方都抱怨連連，它們?nèi)栽噲D把齟齬限制在破裂邊緣。

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　　"The intent and fact are to be measured and calm about this,"insisted a White House official,even as others waved fists at Japan.

　　即使其他人都在向日本揮舞拳頭，白宮一名官員仍堅(jiān)持：“對(duì)此事我們的意圖實(shí)際上是很有分寸而且冷靜的。”

　　2.Scarcely had Hosokawa settled back in Tokyo than the White House struck.

　　細(xì)川在東京才剛上任，美國(guó)就發(fā)起攻勢(shì)。

　　It announced that Japan had failed to comply with previous trade agreements

　　白宮宣布日本并未遵守先前的貿(mào)易協(xié)定，

　　by denying Motorola fair access to Japan's cellular-phone market.

　　因?yàn)樗鼪](méi)有給予美國(guó)Motorola公司公平的渠道進(jìn)入日本的移動(dòng)電話市場(chǎng)。

　　"This is a clear-cut and serious case of a failure by Japan to live up to its commitments,"said U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor.

　　美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表坎特說(shuō)：“這是清楚而嚴(yán)重的證據(jù)，顯示日本沒(méi)有遵守諾言。”

　　He promised that within a month his office would publish a list of Japanese companies that would be punished-probably through tariffs-if the situation is not remedied.

　　他承諾假如此狀況未獲改善，貿(mào)易代表署將在一個(gè)月內(nèi)開(kāi)出黑名單，列入可能受到懲罰的日本企業(yè)。

　　One day later,Washington's case was bolstered

　　一天后，華府的立場(chǎng)更加堅(jiān)定了，

　　by new Commerce Department figures showing that the trade deficit with Japan rose nearly 24% last year,

　　因?yàn)樯虅?wù)部最新統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示去年美國(guó)對(duì)日本的貿(mào)易逆差擴(kuò)大了24%，

　　to a record $59.3 billion.

　　到達(dá)空前的593億美元。

　　3.The Japanese made their own threat to fight any sanctions

　　日本也發(fā)出威脅要對(duì)抗任何的制裁行動(dòng)，

　　by accusing the U.S. of a "betrayal of trust" in multinational negotiations to reduce tariffs.

　　并指揮美國(guó)背棄在國(guó)際協(xié)商中降低關(guān)稅的主張與承諾。

　　But even as the Japanese were applauding Hosokawa's refusal to cave in to Clinton,

　　但是即令日本人為細(xì)川拒絕對(duì)美國(guó)低頭的主張喝彩不已，

　　his government was calculating how to avoid a fight.

　　細(xì)川政府卻仍在算計(jì)如何避免一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

　　Early in the week Tokyo was unnerved when the yen rose about 6% against the dollar while Washington stood by with arms folded.

　　本周稍早日元對(duì)美元升值6%，美國(guó)卻在一旁雙的抱胸冷眼旁觀，令日本害怕不已。

　　The upward pressure came from speculators counting on the U.S. to encourage a stronger yen to make American products cheaper in Japan.

　　升值的壓力來(lái)自市場(chǎng)投機(jī)客打賭美國(guó)會(huì)縱容日元升值，好讓在日銷售的美國(guó)貨變便宜。

　　Because that would also cut into the profits of beleaguered Japanese companies that sell abroad,

　　因?yàn)樯禃?huì)使已煩惱不堪的面向海外的日本企業(yè)利潤(rùn)下滑，

　　a 5% drop in the Japanese stock market quickly followed.

　　所以日本股市也跌了5%。

　　4.Tokyo scrambled to propose conciliatory measures

　　東京方面趕忙提出講和的措施，

　　to promote imports,speed deregulation,break down monopolies and open up government purchasing to outsiders-

　　包括刺激進(jìn)口、加速自由化、解散壟斷企業(yè)與外國(guó)開(kāi)放政府采購(gòu)——

　　a standard litany that Washington wasn't buying.

　　華盛頓并不吃這一套陳詞濫調(diào)。

　　And the Japanese gave no sign of willingness to compromise

　　日本在這方面卻并無(wú)妥協(xié)之跡象，

　　on the core U.S. demand that their progress in opening markets should be measured by "objective criteria"-in effect,guaranteeing that competitive products get a share of the market.

　　美國(guó)要求的重點(diǎn)是，市場(chǎng)開(kāi)放的腳步應(yīng)由“客觀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”來(lái)判定，也就是保證讓美國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性產(chǎn)品在日本市場(chǎng)取得一席之地。

　　5.The cellular-phone problem illustrates how even the most competitive American products-

　　移動(dòng)電話的問(wèn)題顯示出即使最具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的美國(guó)產(chǎn)品

　　Motorola claims 40% of the global cellular market-can be tripped up in Japan.

　　在日本也會(huì)灰頭土臉。

　　In 1987,when it privatized the national phone company,

　　1987年，日本政府將國(guó)營(yíng)的日本電信公司民營(yíng)化，

　　Nippon Telegraph & Telephone,Japan's government divided the country into two cellular-phone regions,with NTT operating in both and one fully private competitor in each.

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　　并把全國(guó)分成兩個(gè)移動(dòng)電話區(qū)域，NTT在兩區(qū)都可經(jīng)營(yíng)，而政府在每區(qū)各容許一家完全民營(yíng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。

　　Though it has flourished elsewhere in Japan,

　　雖然Motorola在日本其他地區(qū)都生意興隆，

　　Motorola maintains that it has been handicapped in the Tokyo-Nagoya corridor,the more profitable of the two areas,

　　它卻堅(jiān)持在東京一名古屋走廊地帶這個(gè)利潤(rùn)較高的區(qū)域受到牽制，

　　where its phones are incompatible with the NTT transmitting system.

　　因?yàn)樗膫鬏斚到y(tǒng)與NTT不相容。

　　6.As part of an agreement to give Motorola "comparable market access"-reached in 1989 after Washington threatened reprisals-

　　日本政府在華府威脅報(bào)復(fù)后，在1989年達(dá)成協(xié)議愿給Motorola“同等的市場(chǎng)開(kāi)放度”，

　　the Japanese government provided the company a slice of the cellular-phone bandwidth in the Tokyo-Nagoya region.

　　接著便在關(guān)東地區(qū)走廊區(qū)域分給Motorola一部分的頻寬。

　　There was a catch:Motorola's new transmitting equipment would have to be installed by IDO,the wholly private cellular operator in that area.

　　但是有個(gè)圈套：Motorola的新傳輸設(shè)備必須由該區(qū)原來(lái)的民營(yíng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者IDO公司來(lái)裝設(shè)。

　　Called upon to build facilities for a competitor,IDO dragged its feet.

　　IDO在被叫來(lái)幫對(duì)手建立設(shè)施的情況下，進(jìn)度極為緩慢。

　　In 1992,at Motorola's request,Washington sought and gained a follow-up agreement to speed construction.

　　1992年，在Motorola的要求下，華府再度與日本訂下后續(xù)協(xié)定，將加速這些建設(shè)。

　　7.Last summer Motorola again protested the slow pace,leading the White House back to bargaining with Japan.

　　去年夏天Motorola再度抗議牛步化的進(jìn)度，白宮與日本再度走上談判桌。

　　The U.S.wants guarantees that the new system will be up two years earlier than IDO's projected completion date in March 1997.

　　美國(guó)要求日本保證新系統(tǒng)必須比IDO原訂的1997年3月早兩年完工。

　　In the view of IDO president Takeo Tsukada,that would lead his still unprofitable company to "certain bankruptcy."

　　IDO總經(jīng)理Takeo Tsukada的說(shuō)法是如此一來(lái)這家尚未見(jiàn)到利潤(rùn)的公司必然破產(chǎn)。

　　Motorola says anything less would keep it out of the cellular boom expected to start in April,

　　Motorola說(shuō)若不這樣做，它就會(huì)被摒棄于自今年4月即將開(kāi)始的移動(dòng)電話熱潮，

　　when new regulations permit Japanese consumers to own phones instead of just renting them.Tokyo,meanwhile,insists that the remaining tangles are just a business dispute between private companies.

　　因?yàn)樾路ㄒ?guī)允許日本消費(fèi)者不必再租用移動(dòng)電話，而可自己擁有。

　　"Washington is asking us to guarantee Motorola's business,"complains a Japanese official.

　　一名日本官員抱怨說(shuō)：“華府在要求我們保證Motorola的生意。”

　　8.Cellular phones are just one of 31 areas covered by trade agreements at the U.S. could use as gauges of Japanese intransigence and then retaliate.

　　美國(guó)與日本有31項(xiàng)產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)開(kāi)放協(xié)定，移動(dòng)電話只是其中一項(xiàng)，美國(guó)可據(jù)此衡量日本不妥協(xié)的程度，再考慮報(bào)復(fù)措施。

　　"It's not our desire to be provocative,"says a White House official.

　　一名白宮官員說(shuō)：“我們并不想惹是生非，

　　"But the status quo cannot continue."

　　但是這種現(xiàn)狀不能繼續(xù)下去。”

　　Neither can the present standoff,without the danger of a more serious confrontation that nobody wants.

　　目前的對(duì)峙也不能持續(xù)，否則將造成無(wú)人樂(lè)見(jiàn)的危險(xiǎn)對(duì)抗。

　　Now,does anybody here know how to just dabble in a trade war?

　　現(xiàn)在有誰(shuí)知道如何在貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)上淺嘗即止嗎?